ICloneable在类层次结构中实现的正确方法是什么？假设我有一个抽象类DrawingObject。另一个抽象类RectangularObject继承自DrawingObject. 然后有多个具体类，如,Shape等，它们都继承自. 我想实现，然后将其沿层次结构向下传递，复制每个级别的可用属性并在下一个级别调用父级。TextCircleRectangularObjectICloneableDrawingObjectClone
然而问题是，由于前两个类是抽象的，我不能在Clone()方法中创建它们的对象。因此，我必须在每个具体类中复制属性复制过程。或者，还有更好的方法？
object您可以使用受保护的方法MemberwiseClone轻松创建表面克隆。
例子：
public abstract class AbstractCloneable : ICloneable
{
public object Clone()
{
return this.MemberwiseClone();
}
}
如果你不需要像深拷贝这样的东西，你就不必在子类中做任何事情。
MemberwiseClone 方法通过创建一个新对象，然后将当前对象的非静态字段复制到新对象来创建一个浅拷贝。如果字段是值类型，则执行该字段的逐位复制。如果字段是引用类型，则复制引用但不复制引用的对象；因此，原始对象及其克隆引用同一个对象。
如果您在克隆逻辑中需要更多智能，可以添加一个虚拟方法来处理引用：
public abstract class AbstractCloneable : ICloneable
{
public object Clone()
{
var clone = (AbstractCloneable) this.MemberwiseClone();
HandleCloned(clone);
return clone;
}
protected virtual void HandleCloned(AbstractCloneable clone)
{
//Nothing particular in the base class, but maybe useful for children.
//Not abstract so children may not implement this if they don't need to.
}
}
public class ConcreteCloneable : AbstractCloneable
{
protected override void HandleCloned(AbstractCloneable clone)
{
//Get whathever magic a base class could have implemented.
base.HandleCloned(clone);
//Clone is of the current type.
ConcreteCloneable obj = (ConcreteCloneable) clone;
//Here you have a superficial copy of "this". You can do whathever
//specific task you need to do.
//e.g.:
obj.SomeReferencedProperty = this.SomeReferencedProperty.Clone();
}
}
为您的基类提供一个受保护且可覆盖的CreateClone()方法，以创建当前类的新（空）实例。然后让Clone()基类的方法调用该方法以多态地实例化一个新实例，然后基类可以将其字段值复制到该实例。
派生的非抽象类可以重写该CreateClone()方法来实例化相应的类，并且所有引入新字段的派生类都可以Clone()在调用继承版本后将其额外的字段值复制到新实例中Clone()。
public CloneableBase : ICloneable
{
protected abstract CloneableBase CreateClone();
public virtual object Clone()
{
CloneableBase clone = CreateClone();
clone.MyFirstProperty = this.MyFirstProperty;
return clone;
}
public int MyFirstProperty { get; set; }
}
public class CloneableChild : CloneableBase
{
protected override CloneableBase CreateClone()
{
return new CloneableChild();
}
public override object Clone()
{
CloneableChild clone = (CloneableChild)base.Clone();
clone.MySecondProperty = this.MySecondProperty;
return clone;
}
public int MySecondProperty { get; set; }
}
如果您想跳过第一个覆盖步骤（至少在默认情况下），您还可以假设默认构造函数签名（例如无参数）并尝试使用带有反射的构造函数签名实例化克隆实例。像这样，只有构造函数与默认签名不匹配的类才需要重写CreateClone()。
该默认CreateClone()实现的一个非常简单的版本可能如下所示：
protected virtual CloneableBase CreateClone()
{
return (CloneableBase)Activator.CreateInstance(GetType());
}
我相信我对@johnny5 的出色回答有所改进。只需在所有类中定义复制构造函数，并在基类中使用 Clone 方法中的反射来找到复制构造函数并执行它。我认为这稍微干净一些，因为您不需要一堆句柄克隆覆盖，也不需要 MemberwiseClone() ，这在许多情况下过于生硬。
public abstract class AbstractCloneable : ICloneable
{
public int BaseValue { get; set; }
protected AbstractCloneable()
{
BaseValue = 1;
}
protected AbstractCloneable(AbstractCloneable d)
{
BaseValue = d.BaseValue;
}
public object Clone()
{
var clone = ObjectSupport.CloneFromCopyConstructor(this);
if(clone == null)throw new ApplicationException("Hey Dude, you didn't define a copy constructor");
return clone;
}
}
public class ConcreteCloneable : AbstractCloneable
{
public int DerivedValue { get; set; }
public ConcreteCloneable()
{
DerivedValue = 2;
}
public ConcreteCloneable(ConcreteCloneable d)
: base(d)
{
DerivedValue = d.DerivedValue;
}
}
public class ObjectSupport
{
public static object CloneFromCopyConstructor(System.Object d)
{
if (d != null)
{
Type t = d.GetType();
foreach (ConstructorInfo ci in t.GetConstructors())
{
ParameterInfo[] pi = ci.GetParameters();
if (pi.Length == 1 && pi[0].ParameterType == t)
{
return ci.Invoke(new object[] { d });
}
}
}
return null;
}
}
最后让我为 ICloneable 发声。如果您使用此接口，您将被样式警察殴打，因为 .NET Framework 设计指南说不要实现它，因为引用指南，“当使用实现 ICloneable 类型的对象时，您永远不知道您的会得到。这使得界面无用。“ 这意味着您不知道您获得的是深拷贝还是浅拷贝。好吧，这简直就是诡辩。这是否意味着永远不应该使用复制构造函数，因为“你永远不知道你会得到什么？” 当然不是。如果你不知道你会得到什么，这只是类的设计问题，而不是接口的问题。
为了创建具有新引用的深层克隆对象并避免在最意想不到的地方对您的对象进行突变，请使用序列化/反序列化。
它将允许完全控制可以克隆的内容（使用忽略属性）。这里有一些 System.Text.Json 和 Newtonsoft 的例子。
// System.Text.Json
public object Clone()
{
// setup
var json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(this);
// get
return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<MyType>(json);
}
// Newtonsoft
public object Clone()
{
// setup
var json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(this);
// get
return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<MyType>(json);
}
// Usage
MyType clonedMyType = myType.Clone();
在我看来，最清晰的方法是使用 in 应用二进制序列BinaryFormatter化MemoryStream。
在 C# 中有关于深度克隆的 MSDN 线程，其中建议使用上述方法。
至少您只让具体类处理克隆，而抽象类具有protected复制构造函数。现在最重要的是，您希望能够DrawingObject像这样获取一个变量并克隆它：
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DrawingObject obj1=new Circle(Color.Black, 10);
DrawingObject obj2=obj1.Clone();
}
}
你可能会认为这是作弊，但我会使用扩展方法和反射：
public abstract class DrawingObject
{
public abstract void Draw();
public Color Color { get; set; }
protected DrawingObject(DrawingObject other)
{
this.Color=other.Color;
}
protected DrawingObject(Color color) { this.Color=color; }
}
public abstract class RectangularObject : DrawingObject
{
public int Width { get; set; }
public int Height { get; set; }
protected RectangularObject(RectangularObject other)
: base(other)
{
Height=other.Height;
Width=other.Width;
}
protected RectangularObject(Color color, int width, int height)
: base(color)
{
this.Width=width;
this.Height=height;
}
}
public class Circle : RectangularObject, ICloneable
{
public int Diameter { get; set; }
public override void Draw()
{
}
public Circle(Circle other)
: base(other)
{
this.Diameter=other.Diameter;
}
public Circle(Color color, int diameter)
: base(color, diameter, diameter)
{
Diameter=diameter;
}
#region ICloneable Members
public Circle Clone() { return new Circle(this); }
object ICloneable.Clone()
{
return Clone();
}
#endregion
}
public class Square : RectangularObject, ICloneable
{
public int Side { get; set; }
public override void Draw()
{
}
public Square(Square other)
: base(other)
{
this.Side=other.Side;
}
public Square(Color color, int side)
: base(color, side, side)
{
this.Side=side;
}
#region ICloneable Members
public Square Clone() { return new Square(this); }
object ICloneable.Clone()
{
return Clone();
}
#endregion
}
public static class Factory
{
public static T Clone<T>(this T other) where T : DrawingObject
{
Type t = other.GetType();
ConstructorInfo ctor=t.GetConstructor(new Type[] { t });
if (ctor!=null)
{
ctor.Invoke(new object[] { other });
}
return default(T);
}
}
编辑 1
如果您担心速度（每次都进行反射），您可以 a) 将构造函数缓存在静态字典中。
public static class Factory
{
public static T Clone<T>(this T other) where T : DrawingObject
{
return Dynamic<T>.CopyCtor(other);
}
}
public static class Dynamic<T> where T : DrawingObject
{
static Dictionary<Type, Func<T, T>> cache = new Dictionary<Type,Func<T,T>>();
public static T CopyCtor(T other)
{
Type t=other.GetType();
if (!cache.ContainsKey(t))
{
var ctor=t.GetConstructor(new Type[] { t });
cache.Add(t, (x) => ctor.Invoke(new object[] { x }) as T);
}
return cache[t](other);
}
}
这是我多年前写的一些示例代码的复制粘贴。
这些天来，我避免设计需要克隆支持的设计。我发现大多数这样的设计都有些不稳定。相反，我广泛使用不可变类来避免首先需要克隆。
话虽如此，这是示例克隆模式：
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Diagnostics;
/*
This code demonstrates a cloning pattern that you can use for class hierarchies.
The abstract base class specifies an abstract Clone() method which must be implemented by all derived classes.
Every class except the abstract base class must have a protected copy constructor.
This protected copy constructor will:
(1) call the base class' copy constructor, and
(2) set any new fields introduced in the derived class.
This code also demonstrates an implementation of Equals() and CopyFrom().
*/
namespace CloningPattern
{
//—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
static class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Derived2 test = new Derived2()
{
IntValue = 1,
StringValue = "s",
DoubleValue = 2,
ShortValue = 3
};
Derived2 copy = Clone(test);
Console.WriteLine(copy);
}
static Derived2 Clone(AbstractBase item)
{
AbstractBase abstractBase = (AbstractBase) item.Clone();
Derived2 result = abstractBase as Derived2;
Debug.Assert(result != null);
return result;
}
}
//—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
public abstract class AbstractBase: ICloneable
{
// Sample data field.
public int IntValue { get; set; }
// Canonical way of providing a Clone() operation
// (except that this is abstract rather than virtual, since this class
// is itself abstract).
public abstract object Clone();
// Default constructor.
protected AbstractBase(){}
// Copy constructor.
protected AbstractBase(AbstractBase other)
{
if (other == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("other");
}
this.copyFrom(other);
}
// Copy from another instance over the top of an already existing instance.
public virtual void CopyFrom(AbstractBase other)
{
if (other == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("other");
}
this.copyFrom(other);
}
// Equality check.
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (obj == null)
{
return false;
}
if (object.ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
{
return true;
}
if (this.GetType() != obj.GetType())
{
return false;
}
AbstractBase other = (AbstractBase)obj;
return (this.IntValue == other.IntValue);
}
// Get hash code.
public override int GetHashCode()
{
return this.IntValue.GetHashCode();
}
// ToString() for debug purposes.
public override string ToString()
{
return "IntValue = " + IntValue;
}
// Implement copying fields in a private non-virtual method, called from more than one place.
private void copyFrom(AbstractBase other) // 'other' cannot be null, so no check for nullness is made.
{
this.IntValue = other.IntValue;
}
}
//—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
public abstract class AbstractDerived: AbstractBase
{
// Sample data field.
public short ShortValue{ get; set; }
// Default constructor.
protected AbstractDerived(){}
// Copy constructor.
protected AbstractDerived(AbstractDerived other): base(other)
{
this.copyFrom(other);
}
// Copy from another instance over the top of an already existing instance.
public override void CopyFrom(AbstractBase other)
{
base.CopyFrom(other);
this.copyFrom(other as AbstractDerived);
}
// Comparison.
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (object.ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
{
return true;
}
if (!base.Equals(obj))
{
return false;
}
AbstractDerived other = (AbstractDerived)obj; // This must succeed because if the types are different, base.Equals() returns false.
return (this.IntValue == other.IntValue);
}
// Get hash code.
public override int GetHashCode()
{
// "Standard" way of combining hash codes from subfields.
int hash = 17;
hash = hash * 23 + base.GetHashCode();
hash = hash * 23 + this.ShortValue.GetHashCode();
return hash;
}
// ToString() for debug purposes.
public override string ToString()
{
return base.ToString() + ", ShortValue = " + ShortValue;
}
// This abstract class doesn't need to implement Clone() because no instances of it
// can ever be created, on account of it being abstract and all that.
// If you COULD, it would look like this (but you can't so this won't compile):
// public override object Clone()
// {
// return new AbstractDerived(this);
// }
// Implement copying fields in a private non-virtual method, called from more than one place.
private void copyFrom(AbstractDerived other) // Other could be null, so check for nullness.
{
if (other != null)
{
this.ShortValue = other.ShortValue;
}
}
}
//—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
public class Derived1: AbstractDerived
{
// Must declare a default constructor.
public Derived1(){}
// Sample data field.
public string StringValue{ get; set; }
// Implement Clone() by simply using this class' copy constructor.
public override object Clone()
{
return new Derived1(this);
}
// Copy from another instance over the top of an already existing instance.
public override void CopyFrom(AbstractBase other)
{
base.CopyFrom(other);
this.copyFrom(other as Derived1);
}
// Equality check.
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (object.ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
{
return true;
}
if (!base.Equals(obj))
{
return false;
}
Derived1 other = (Derived1)obj; // This must succeed because if the types are different, base.Equals() returns false.
return (this.StringValue == other.StringValue);
}
// Get hash code.
public override int GetHashCode()
{
// "Standard" way of combining hash codes from subfields.
int hash = 17;
hash = hash * 23 + base.GetHashCode();
hash = hash * 23 + this.StringValue.GetHashCode();
return hash;
}
// ToString() for debug purposes.
public override string ToString()
{
return base.ToString() + ", StringValue = " + StringValue;
}
// Protected copy constructor. Used to implement Clone().
// Also called by a derived class' copy constructor.
protected Derived1(Derived1 other): base(other)
{
this.copyFrom(other);
}
// Implement copying fields in a private non-virtual method, called from more than one place.
private void copyFrom(Derived1 other) // Other could be null, so check for nullness.
{
if (other != null)
{
this.StringValue = other.StringValue;
}
}
}
//—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
public class Derived2: Derived1
{
// Must declare a default constructor.
public Derived2(){}
// Sample data field.
public double DoubleValue{ get; set; }
// Implement Clone() by simply using this class' copy constructor.
public override object Clone()
{
return new Derived2(this);
}
// Copy from another instance over the top of an already existing instance.
public override void CopyFrom(AbstractBase other)
{
base.CopyFrom(other);
this.copyFrom(other as Derived2);
}
// Equality check.
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (object.ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
{
return true;
}
if (!base.Equals(obj))
{
return false;
}
Derived2 other = (Derived2)obj; // This must succeed because if the types are different, base.Equals() returns false.
return (this.DoubleValue == other.DoubleValue);
}
// Get hash code.
public override int GetHashCode()
{
// "Standard" way of combining hash codes from subfields.
int hash = 17;
hash = hash * 23 + base.GetHashCode();
hash = hash * 23 + this.DoubleValue.GetHashCode();
return hash;
}
// ToString() for debug purposes.
public override string ToString()
{
return base.ToString() + ", DoubleValue = " + DoubleValue;
}
// Protected copy constructor. Used to implement Clone().
// Also called by a derived class' copy constructor.
protected Derived2(Derived2 other): base(other)
{
// Canonical implementation: use ":base(other)" to copy all
// the base fields (which recursively applies all the way to the ultimate base)
// and then explicitly copy any of this class' fields here:
this.copyFrom(other);
}
// Implement copying fields in a private non-virtual method, called from more than one place.
private void copyFrom(Derived2 other) // Other could be null, so check for nullness.
{
if (other != null)
{
this.DoubleValue = other.DoubleValue;
}
}
}
}