我对 OpenGL ES 很陌生,我正在尝试为我当前的场景添加一些阴影。我决定在立方体贴图的帮助下做到这一点。我使用的是 OpenGL es 2.0,所以几何着色器或 gl_FragDepth 变量对我来说不可用。我用谷歌搜索了一些,所以我对这个话题有了一些了解,阅读这个(http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/courses/Realtime/repetitorium/2010/OmnidirShadows.pdf)证明非常有用。基本上我依赖这个链接的文档。
但是我的代码有问题,因为在渲染场景中,每个像素都处于阴影之下。我认为问题可以在我的着色器中找到,但我将所有相关代码粘贴在这里以清楚地查看所有内容。
设置帧缓冲区并创建立方体贴图:
GLuint FBO;
GLuint cubeTexture;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &FBO);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, FBO);
// Depth texture
glGenTextures(1, &cubeTexture);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubeTexture);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
//glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); // no GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R
// right, left, top, bottom, front, back
for (int face = 0; face < 6; ++face) {
// create space for the textures, content need not to be specified (last parameter is 0)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + face, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16, 1024, 768, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, 0);
}
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, 0);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
在 Display 函数中,我尝试实现 6 个渲染通道来填充阴影贴图(立方体的 6 个边)。
渲染:
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glClearDepthf(1.0f);
glm::vec3 camPos = ... // position of the camera, it is in world space
glm::vec4 lightPos = ... // position of the light source, it is in world space
// 1. render into texture
float zNear = 0.1f;
float zFar = 100.0f;
// or should I use ortho instead of perspective?
glm::mat4 projMatrix = glm::perspective(90.0f, (float)esContext->width / esContext->height, zNear, zFar);
// The 6 cameras have to be placed to the light source and they need the proper view matrices
glm::mat4 cubeMapMatrices[6]; // contains six basic and defined rotation matrices for the six directions
cubeMapMatrices[0] = glm::make_mat4(rotPositiveX);
cubeMapMatrices[1] = glm::make_mat4(rotNegativeX);
cubeMapMatrices[2] = glm::make_mat4(rotPositiveY);
cubeMapMatrices[3] = glm::make_mat4(rotNegativeY);
cubeMapMatrices[4] = glm::make_mat4(rotPositiveZ);
cubeMapMatrices[5] = glm::make_mat4(rotNegativeZ);
glm::vec4 translation = lightPos;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubeTexture);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, FBO);
for (int face = 0; face < 6; ++face) {
glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // do I need this here?
cubeMapMatrices[face][3] = translation; // the translation part is the same for all
cubeMapMatrices[face] = projMatrix * cubeMapMatrices[face]; // now it's an mvp matrix
glUniformMatrix4fv(cubeProjectionMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(cubeMapMatrices[face]));
// Attach depth cubemap texture to FBO's depth attachment point
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + face, cubeTexture, 0);
int err = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
if (err != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
std::cout << "Framebuffer error, status: " << err << std::endl;
}
RenderScene(); // do the drawing
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// 2. render into screen
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
RenderScene(); // do the drawing
// swap the buffers
所以这里有不同的着色器。我有一个顶点着色器和一个片段着色器用于深度计算,一个顶点着色器和一个片段着色器用于屏幕渲染。我的问题是我不确定如何写入立方体贴图,如果正在使用帧缓冲区,那么 gl_Position 会确定给定立方体面中的坐标吗?
用于深度计算的顶点着色器:
in vec3 vPosition;
uniform mat4 mModel;
uniform mat4 mCubeProjection;
uniform vec4 vLight;
out vec4 vFrag Position; // world space
out vec4 vLightPosition; // mvp transformed
void main()
{
vec4 position = vec4(vPosition, 1.0);
vFragPosition = mModel* position;
vLightPosition = vLight;
gl_Position = mCubeProjection * vFragPosition;
}
用于深度计算的片段着色器:
in vec4 vFragPosition; // world space
in vec4 vLightPosition; // world space
out float depthValue;
void main()
{
depthValue = distance(vFragPosition.xyz, vLightPosition.xyz); // need normalization?
}
用于渲染到屏幕的顶点着色器:
uniform mat4 mModel;
uniform mat4 mView;
uniform mat4 mProjection;
uniform vec4 vLight; // it is in world space
out vec3 lw; // light position in world space
out vec3 pw; // pixel position in world space
void main()
{
vec4 position = vec4(vPosition, 1.0);
lw = vLight.xyz;
pw = (mModel* position).xyz;
gl_Position = mProjection* mView * mModel* position;
}
用于渲染到屏幕的片段着色器:
in vec3 lw;
in vec3 pw;
uniform samplerCube cubeMap;
out vec4 outputColor;
void main()
{
vec3 lookup = pw - lw;
float smValue = texture(cubeMap, lookup).r; // retrieves texels from a texture (d, d, d, 1.0)
float distance = length(lookup); // dist from the fragment to the light
float eps = 0.1;
float shadowVal = 1.0;
if (smValue + eps < distance) {
shadowVal = 0.1; // in shadow
}
// here comes the lighting stuff
// ...
outputColor = outputColor * shadowVal;
}
同样,问题在于每个像素都处于阴影之下。从代码中我排除了一些统一传递给着色器,但它们没问题。你能给我一个建议,我应该在代码中修复什么吗?我的着色器(尤其是第一遍)是否正确,我是否正确设置了立方体映射的转换?谢谢你。
PS:这是我在这里的第一个问题,我希望它足够清楚并满足正确发布问题的要求。