A picture is worth 1000 words, so here are several pictures (ignore my redacting):
I am neither referencing nor using Entity Framework in any project in this solution. This just started happening as of Tuesday after I installed a bunch of Windows updates. There are nine warnings in total. I'm running Windows 8.1 Pro, but I don't know if that matters. I have other projects in the same solution with identical project types and .NET framework versions. The project itself appears to run just fine in IIS. All of my Web.config files have similar configuration and structure. This is the problematic one (more redacting):
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<configSections>
...
</configSections>
...
<connectionStrings>
...
</connectionStrings>
<system.web>
<compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.5.1"/>
<authentication mode="None"/>
<sessionState mode="Off"/>
<customErrors mode="RemoteOnly"/>
<httpRuntime enableHeaderChecking="false" enableVersionHeader="false" requestValidationMode="2.0" sendCacheControlHeader="false" targetFramework="4.5.1"/>
</system.web>
<system.webServer>
<httpErrors existingResponse="PassThrough"/>
<validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="true"/>
<handlers>
<remove name="ExtensionlessUrlHandler-Integrated-4.0"/>
<remove name="OPTIONSVerbHandler"/>
<remove name="TRACEVerbHandler"/>
<add name="ExtensionlessUrlHandler-Integrated-4.0" path="*." verb="*" type="System.Web.Handlers.TransferRequestHandler" preCondition="integratedMode,runtimeVersionv4.0"/>
</handlers>
<staticContent>
<clientCache cacheControlMode="UseMaxAge" httpExpires="7.00:00:00"/>
</staticContent>
<urlCompression doStaticCompression="true" doDynamicCompression="true" dynamicCompressionBeforeCache="true"/>
<defaultDocument>
<files>
<clear/>
</files>
</defaultDocument>
</system.webServer>
<system.runtime.caching>
<memoryCache>
<namedCaches>
...
</namedCaches>
</memoryCache>
</system.runtime.caching>
<runtime>
<assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Data.OData" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.6.0.0" newVersion="5.6.0.0"/>
</dependentAssembly>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Data.Edm" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.6.0.0" newVersion="5.6.0.0"/>
</dependentAssembly>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.ServiceBus" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-2.2.0.0" newVersion="2.2.0.0"/>
</dependentAssembly>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="System.Spatial" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.6.0.0" newVersion="5.6.0.0"/>
</dependentAssembly>
</assemblyBinding>
</runtime>
</configuration>