为了在事先不知道必须输出多少位的情况下检查所有组合,我曾经写过这段代码:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define ARRSIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr)/sizeof(*(arr)))
int main()
{
const char values[]= {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z'};
char * buffer=NULL;
int * stack=NULL;
int combinationLength=-1;
int valuesNumber=-1;
int curPos=0;
fprintf(stderr, "%s", "Length of a combination: ");
if(scanf("%d", &combinationLength)!=1 || combinationLength<1)
{
fputs("Invalid value.\n",stderr);
return 1;
}
fprintf(stderr, "%s (%lu max): ", "Possible digit values",(long unsigned)ARRSIZE(values));
if(scanf("%d", &valuesNumber)!=1 || valuesNumber<1 || (size_t)valuesNumber>ARRSIZE(values))
{
fputs("Invalid value.\n", stderr);
return 1;
}
buffer=(char *)malloc(combinationLength);
stack=(int *)malloc(combinationLength*sizeof(*stack));
if(buffer==NULL || stack==NULL)
{
fputs("Cannot allocate memory.\n", stderr);
free(buffer);
free(stack);
return 2;
}
/* Combinations generator */
for(;;)
{
/* If we reached the last digit symbol... */
if(stack[curPos]==valuesNumber)
{
/* ...get back to the previous position, if we finished exit */
if(--curPos==-1)
break;
/* Repeat this check */
continue;
}
buffer[curPos]=values[stack[curPos]];
/* If we are in the most inner fake-cycle write the combination */
if(curPos==combinationLength-1)
puts(buffer);
stack[curPos]++;
/* If we aren't on the last position, start working on the next one */
if(curPos<combinationLength-1)
{
curPos++;
stack[curPos]=0;
}
}
/* Cleanup */
free(buffer);
free(stack);
return 0;
}
它只在一个周期内完成所有操作,以避免递归和函数调用开销,即使使用堆栈数组“伪造”所需的嵌套 for 循环。
它的表现相当不错,在我 4 岁的 Athlon64 3800+ 上,它需要 2' 4" 的用户时间(=> 实际计算时间)来生成 36^6=2176782336 组合,因此它每秒计算大约 1750 万个组合。
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -ansi -pedantic -O3 combinations.c -o combinations.x
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$ time ./combinations.x > /media/Dati/combinations.txt
Length of a combination: 6
Possible digit values (36 max): 36
real 13m6.685s
user 2m3.900s
sys 0m53.930s
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$ head /media/Dati/combinations.txt
000000
000001
000002
000003
000004
000005
000006
000007
000008
000009
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$ tail /media/Dati/combinations.txt
zzzzzq
zzzzzr
zzzzzs
zzzzzt
zzzzzu
zzzzzv
zzzzzw
zzzzzx
zzzzzy
zzzzzz
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$ ls -lh /media/Dati/combinations.txt
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15G 2010-01-02 14:16 /media/Dati/combinations.txt
matteo@teoubuntu:~/cpp$
“真实”时间相当长,因为同时我还在 PC 上做其他事情。