让我们从头开始：
Ipython版本：1.1.0
Matplotlib 版本：1.3.1
乳胶版本：pdfTeX 3.1415926-2.4-1.40.13 (TeX Live 2012/Debian)
在 Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 中。
我想在 Ipython Notebook 会话中绘制类似下面的内容。
# Using the magic encoding
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
fig_width_pt = 512#246.0 # Get this from LaTeX using
# \showthe\columnwidth
inches_per_pt = 1.0/72.27 # Convert pt to inch
golden_mean = (sqrt(5)-1.0)/2.0 # Aesthetic ratio
fig_width = fig_width_pt*inches_per_pt # width in inches
fig_height = fig_width*golden_mean # height in inches
fig_size = [fig_width,fig_height]
params = {'backend': 'ps',
'axes.labelsize': 10,
'text.fontsize': 10,
'legend.fontsize': 10,
'xtick.labelsize': 10,
'ytick.labelsize': 10,
'text.usetex': True,
'figure.figsize': fig_size}
rcParams.update(params)
plt.xlabel(r'$Diâmetro de Agua Doce$')
plt.ylabel('Diametro de Agua Salgada')
plt.title('Distribuicao da Populacao de Salmoes')
alaska_plot_list0 = list(alaska[:,0])
alaska_plot_list1 = list(alaska[:,1])
scatter(alaska_plot_list0, alaska_plot_list1,
label="Alaska", color='green', alpha=.5)
canada_plot_list0 = list(canada[:,0])
canada_plot_list1 = list(canada[:,1])
scatter(canada_plot_list0, canada_plot_list1, label="Canada", alpha=.5)
#scatter(alaska[:,0], alaska[:,1], 'o', alpha=.5, label="Alaska")
#scatter(canada[:,0], canada[:,1], 'o', alpha=.5, label="Canada")
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
savefig('distribuicao.pdf')
请注意这一行：
plt.xlabel(r'$Diâmetro de Agua Doce$')
这是在 LaTeX 环境中使用特殊（或重音字符）的尝试，因此我可以在结果图中正确拼写葡萄牙语单词。
这种方法会产生以下错误：
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnicodeDecodeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-a1d75b5e9ea2> in <module>()
33 plt.legend()
34 plt.grid()
---> 35 savefig('distribuicao.pdf')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.pyc in savefig(*args, **kwargs)
559 def savefig(*args, **kwargs):
560 fig = gcf()
--> 561 return fig.savefig(*args, **kwargs)
562
563
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.pyc in savefig(self, *args, **kwargs)
1419 self.set_frameon(frameon)
1420
-> 1421 self.canvas.print_figure(*args, **kwargs)
1422
1423 if frameon:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyc in print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, **kwargs)
2218 orientation=orientation,
2219 bbox_inches_restore=_bbox_inches_restore,
-> 2220 **kwargs)
2221 finally:
2222 if bbox_inches and restore_bbox:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyc in print_pdf(self, *args, **kwargs)
1950 from backends.backend_pdf import FigureCanvasPdf # lazy import
1951 pdf = self.switch_backends(FigureCanvasPdf)
-> 1952 return pdf.print_pdf(*args, **kwargs)
1953
1954 def print_pgf(self, *args, **kwargs):
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyc in print_pdf(self, filename, **kwargs)
2350 width, height, image_dpi, RendererPdf(file, image_dpi),
2351 bbox_inches_restore=_bbox_inches_restore)
-> 2352 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2353 renderer.finalize()
2354 finally:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.pyc in draw(self, renderer)
1032 dsu.sort(key=itemgetter(0))
1033 for zorder, a, func, args in dsu:
-> 1034 func(*args)
1035
1036 renderer.close_group('figure')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes.pyc in draw(self, renderer, inframe)
2084
2085 for zorder, a in dsu:
-> 2086 a.draw(renderer)
2087
2088 renderer.close_group('axes')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/axis.pyc in draw(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
1103 self._update_label_position(ticklabelBoxes, ticklabelBoxes2)
1104
-> 1105 self.label.draw(renderer)
1106
1107 self._update_offset_text_position(ticklabelBoxes, ticklabelBoxes2)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/text.pyc in draw(self, renderer)
545 renderer.open_group('text', self.get_gid())
546
--> 547 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(renderer)
548 trans = self.get_transform()
549
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/text.pyc in _get_layout(self, renderer)
327 w, h, d = get_text_width_height_descent(clean_line,
328 self._fontproperties,
--> 329 ismath=ismath)
330 else:
331 w, h, d = 0, 0, 0
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyc in get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
1950 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
1951 w, h, d = texmanager.get_text_width_height_descent(s, fontsize,
-> 1952 renderer=self)
1953 return w, h, d
1954
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in get_text_width_height_descent(self, tex, fontsize, renderer)
664 else:
665 # use dviread. It sometimes returns a wrong descent.
--> 666 dvifile = self.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
667 dvi = dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction)
668 try:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in make_dvi(self, tex, fontsize)
385 return self.make_dvi_preview(tex, fontsize)
386
--> 387 basefile = self.get_basefile(tex, fontsize)
388 dvifile = '%s.dvi' % basefile
389
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in get_basefile(self, tex, fontsize, dpi)
221 self.get_custom_preamble(), str(dpi or '')])
222 # make sure hash is consistent for all strings, regardless of encoding:
--> 223 bytes = unicode(s).encode('utf-8')
224 return os.path.join(self.texcache, md5(bytes).hexdigest())
225
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 3: ordinal not in range(128)
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x4727a10>
搜索网络，所以，我发现了一些其他尝试排版重音单词的方法，我找到的所有资源都无法解决我的问题。
像这样的尝试会导致相应的错误消息：
plt.xlabel(u'Diâmetro de Agua Doce')
产量：
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnicodeEncodeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-a1e2e4496433> in <module>()
33 plt.legend()
34 plt.grid()
---> 35 savefig('distribuicao.pdf')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.pyc in savefig(*args, **kwargs)
559 def savefig(*args, **kwargs):
560 fig = gcf()
--> 561 return fig.savefig(*args, **kwargs)
562
563
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.pyc in savefig(self, *args, **kwargs)
1419 self.set_frameon(frameon)
1420
-> 1421 self.canvas.print_figure(*args, **kwargs)
1422
1423 if frameon:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyc in print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, **kwargs)
2218 orientation=orientation,
2219 bbox_inches_restore=_bbox_inches_restore,
-> 2220 **kwargs)
2221 finally:
2222 if bbox_inches and restore_bbox:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyc in print_pdf(self, *args, **kwargs)
1950 from backends.backend_pdf import FigureCanvasPdf # lazy import
1951 pdf = self.switch_backends(FigureCanvasPdf)
-> 1952 return pdf.print_pdf(*args, **kwargs)
1953
1954 def print_pgf(self, *args, **kwargs):
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyc in print_pdf(self, filename, **kwargs)
2350 width, height, image_dpi, RendererPdf(file, image_dpi),
2351 bbox_inches_restore=_bbox_inches_restore)
-> 2352 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2353 renderer.finalize()
2354 finally:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.pyc in draw(self, renderer)
1032 dsu.sort(key=itemgetter(0))
1033 for zorder, a, func, args in dsu:
-> 1034 func(*args)
1035
1036 renderer.close_group('figure')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes.pyc in draw(self, renderer, inframe)
2084
2085 for zorder, a in dsu:
-> 2086 a.draw(renderer)
2087
2088 renderer.close_group('axes')
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/axis.pyc in draw(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
1103 self._update_label_position(ticklabelBoxes, ticklabelBoxes2)
1104
-> 1105 self.label.draw(renderer)
1106
1107 self._update_offset_text_position(ticklabelBoxes, ticklabelBoxes2)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.pyc in draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
53 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
54 before(artist, renderer)
---> 55 draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
56 after(artist, renderer)
57
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/text.pyc in draw(self, renderer)
545 renderer.open_group('text', self.get_gid())
546
--> 547 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(renderer)
548 trans = self.get_transform()
549
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/text.pyc in _get_layout(self, renderer)
327 w, h, d = get_text_width_height_descent(clean_line,
328 self._fontproperties,
--> 329 ismath=ismath)
330 else:
331 w, h, d = 0, 0, 0
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyc in get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
1950 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
1951 w, h, d = texmanager.get_text_width_height_descent(s, fontsize,
-> 1952 renderer=self)
1953 return w, h, d
1954
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in get_text_width_height_descent(self, tex, fontsize, renderer)
664 else:
665 # use dviread. It sometimes returns a wrong descent.
--> 666 dvifile = self.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
667 dvi = dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction)
668 try:
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in make_dvi(self, tex, fontsize)
389
390 if DEBUG or not os.path.exists(dvifile):
--> 391 texfile = self.make_tex(tex, fontsize)
392 outfile = basefile + '.output'
393 command = self._get_shell_cmd(
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.pyc in make_tex(self, tex, fontsize)
304 else:
305 try:
--> 306 fh.write(s.encode('ascii'))
307 except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
308 mpl.verbose.report("You are using unicode and latex, but "
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xe2' in position 299: ordinal not in range(128)
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x4613e90>
这与上面完全相同。
和：
plt.xlabel('Diâmetro de Agua Doce'.decode('utf-8'))
产量：
也和上面一样。
有没有办法输入集合字符，例如：á、à、é、í、õ、ú 等？
