您可以通过 获取序数IndexOf。这是在您的示例中:
foreach (DataRow row_ in dt.Rows) {
  row = row_;
  foreach (DataColumn col_ in dt.Columns) {
    col = col_;
    strMsg = strMsg + col.ColumnName + ": " + row[dt.Columns.IndexOf(col_)].ToString() 
         + Environment.NewLine;
  }
  MessageBox.Show(strMsg);
  strMsg = "";
}
这是一个完整的示例:
var dt = new DataTable();
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn());
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn());
var row1 = dt.NewRow();
row1[0] = "0";
row1[1] = "1";
dt.Rows.Add(row1);
foreach (DataRow row in dt.Rows)
{
    foreach (DataColumn col in dt.Columns)
    {
        var strMsg = col.ColumnName + ": " + row[dt.Columns.IndexOf(col)].ToString();
        Console.WriteLine(strMsg);
    }
}
如果您只想要数组中的列名,请删除foreach循环并将它们替换为以下行:
string[] colNames = (from DataColumn col in dt.Columns select col.ColumnName).ToArray();