您可以使用 Linq:
var nodes = treeView1.Nodes
               .Cast<TreeNode>()
               .SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>())
               .SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>());
foreach(TreeNode node in nodes)
{
       list.Add(node.Text);
}
这是一个通用的解决方案:
public static IEnumerable<TreeNode> GetNodesByDepth(TreeView treeView, int depth)
{
    var nodes = treeView.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>();
    for (int i=0; i < depth; i++)
        nodes = nodes.SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>());
    return nodes;
}
一个完整的例子:
public class Program
{
    public static IEnumerable<TreeNode> GetNodesByDepth(TreeView treeView, int depth)
    {
        var nodes = treeView.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>();
        for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++)
            nodes = nodes.SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>());
        return nodes;
    }
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        TreeView treeView = new TreeView();
        TreeNode node1 = new TreeNode("1");
        TreeNode node2 = new TreeNode("2");
        TreeNode node3 = new TreeNode("3");
        TreeNode node4 = new TreeNode("4");
        TreeNode node5 = new TreeNode("5");
        TreeNode node6 = new TreeNode("6");
        TreeNode node7 = new TreeNode("7");
        treeView.Nodes.Add(node1);
        node1.Nodes.Add(node2);
        node1.Nodes.Add(node5);
        node2.Nodes.Add(node3);
        node2.Nodes.Add(node4);
        node5.Nodes.Add(node6);
        node5.Nodes.Add(node7);
        Console.WriteLine("Method 1:");
        var nodes = treeView.Nodes
           .Cast<TreeNode>()
           .SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>())
           .SelectMany(n => n.Nodes.Cast<TreeNode>());
        foreach (TreeNode node in nodes)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(node.Text);
        }
        Console.WriteLine();
        Console.WriteLine("----------------");
        Console.WriteLine("Method 2:");
        nodes = GetNodesByDepth(treeView, 2);
        foreach (TreeNode node in nodes)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(node.Text);
        }
    }
}