我认为disassemble /r应该给你你正在寻找的东西:
(gdb) help disass
Disassemble a specified section of memory.
Default is the function surrounding the pc of the selected frame.
With a /m modifier, source lines are included (if available).
With a /r modifier, raw instructions in hex are included.
With a single argument, the function surrounding that address is dumped.
Two arguments (separated by a comma) are taken as a range of memory to dump,
  in the form of "start,end", or "start,+length".
(gdb) disass /r main
Dump of assembler code for function main:
   0x004004f8 <+0>:      55     push   %ebp
   0x004004f9 <+1>:      48     dec    %eax
   0x004004fa <+2>:      89 e5  mov    %esp,%ebp
   0x004004fc <+4>:      48     dec    %eax
   0x004004fd <+5>:      83 ec 10       sub    $0x10,%esp
   0x00400500 <+8>:      89 7d fc       mov    %edi,-0x4(%ebp)
   0x00400503 <+11>:     48     dec    %eax
   0x00400504 <+12>:     89 75 f0       mov    %esi,-0x10(%ebp)
   0x00400507 <+15>:     bf 0c 06 40 00 mov    $0x40060c,%edi
   0x0040050c <+20>:     b8 00 00 00 00 mov    $0x0,%eax
   0x00400511 <+25>:     e8 0a ff ff ff call   0x400420
   0x00400516 <+30>:     bf 00 00 00 00 mov    $0x0,%edi
   0x0040051b <+35>:     e8 10 ff ff ff call   0x400430
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) 
GDB 反汇编命令文档