我试图了解 C++ 的某些方面。
我编写了这个简短的程序来展示从 C++ 中的函数返回对象的不同方式:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// A simple class with only one private member.
class Car{
private:
int maxSpeed;
public:
Car( int );
void print();
Car& operator= (const Car &);
Car(const Car &);
};
// Constructor
Car::Car( int maxSpeed ){
this -> maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
cout << "Constructor: New Car (speed="<<maxSpeed<<") at " << this << endl;
}
// Assignment operator
Car& Car::operator= (const Car &anotherCar){
cout << "Assignment operator: copying " << &anotherCar << " into " << this << endl;
this -> maxSpeed = anotherCar.maxSpeed;
return *this;
}
// Copy constructor
Car::Car(const Car &anotherCar ) {
cout << "Copy constructor: copying " << &anotherCar << " into " << this << endl;
this->maxSpeed = anotherCar.maxSpeed;
}
// Print the car.
void Car::print(){
cout << "Print: Car (speed=" << maxSpeed << ") at " << this << endl;
}
// return automatic object (copy object on return) (STACK)
Car makeNewCarCopy(){
Car c(120);
return c; // object copied and destroyed here
}
// return reference to object (STACK)
Car& makeNewCarRef(){
Car c(60);
return c; // c destroyed here, UNSAFE!
// compiler will say: warning: reference to local variable ‘c’ returned
}
// return pointer to object (HEAP)
Car* makeNewCarPointer(){
Car * pt = new Car(30);
return pt; // object in the heap, remember to delete it later on!
}
int main(){
Car a(1),c(2);
Car *b = new Car(a);
a.print();
a = c;
a.print();
Car copyC = makeNewCarCopy(); // safe, but requires copy
copyC.print();
Car &refC = makeNewCarRef(); // UNSAFE
refC.print();
Car *ptC = makeNewCarPointer(); // safe
if (ptC!=NULL){
ptC -> print();
delete ptC;
} else {
// NULL pointer
}
}
代码似乎没有崩溃,我得到以下输出:
Constructor: New Car (speed=1) at 0x7fff51be7a38
Constructor: New Car (speed=2) at 0x7fff51be7a30
Copy constructor: copying 0x7fff51be7a38 into 0x7ff60b4000e0
Print: Car (speed=1) at 0x7fff51be7a38
Assignment operator: copying 0x7fff51be7a30 into 0x7fff51be7a38
Print: Car (speed=2) at 0x7fff51be7a38
Constructor: New Car (speed=120) at 0x7fff51be7a20
Print: Car (speed=120) at 0x7fff51be7a20
Constructor: New Car (speed=60) at 0x7fff51be79c8
Print: Car (speed=60) at 0x7fff51be79c8
Constructor: New Car (speed=30) at 0x7ff60b403a60
Print: Car (speed=30) at 0x7ff60b403a60
现在,我有以下问题:
- makeNewCarCopy 安全吗?本地对象是否在函数结束时被复制和销毁?如果是这样,为什么不调用重载赋值运算符?它是否调用默认的复制构造函数?
- 我的胆量告诉我使用
makeNewCarPointer
作为从 C++ 函数/方法返回对象的最常用方法。我对吗?