我正在使用 (Py)OpenGL 来显示 256 色索引图像。我将着色器与包含调色板的一维纹理一起使用。这是片段着色器代码:
#version 330
uniform sampler2D texture;
uniform sampler1D palette;
void main()
{
vec2 uv = gl_TexCoord[0].xy;
vec4 color = texture2D(texture, uv);
gl_FragColor = texture1D(palette, color.a) ;
}
为避免舍入误差,所有 MAG 和 MIN 过滤器都设置为 NEAREST。
我看到一维纹理的纹理坐标的方式是:
- 颜色 0 位于区间 [0 ; 1/256[
- 颜色 1 位于区间 [1/256 ; 2/256[ ...
- 颜色 255 位于区间 [255/256 ; 1[
我将自己的整数索引转换为在 0 和 1 之间浮动,以确保发生了什么,使用公式 x_float = (x_int + .4)/256,即 x_float 在前面提到的间隔内,在它的中心之前一点(到避免结果在间隔的错误一侧四舍五入)。
但它不起作用。我制作了一个包含 256 个单元格的棋盘,颜色索引为 0 到 255,灰度等级为调色板(从 0x000000 到 0xFFFFFF)。代码如下。然后我制作了一个屏幕快照并在 Paint.NET 中对其进行了编辑,以查看颜色是否正确,并注意到颜色 0xE0 的跳跃:我得到了两次颜色 0xDF,并且从这个颜色中,所有内容都移动了一个:最后一种颜色是 0xFE 0xFF。
我怀疑某种舍入错误,但不知道如何......
这是完整的代码:
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.GLUT import *
from OpenGL.arrays import vbo
from OpenGL.GL import shaders
from numpy import *
def checkboard(size = 512, cell = 32):
bitmap = zeros(size * size, 'u8')
bitmap.shape = (size, size)
current_color = 0
for y in range(0, size, cell):
for x in range(0, size, cell):
bitmap[y : y + cell, x : x + cell] = current_color
current_color += 1
palette = array([[a, a, a, 255] for a in range(256)], 'u8')
return bitmap, palette
def reshape(w, h):
glutDisplayFunc(lambda: display(w, h))
glutPostRedisplay();
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH)
glutInitWindowSize(512, 512)
glutCreateWindow("Hello World :'D")
### init code
# vbo
quad = (0.0, 0.0, 512.0, 512.0)
tex = (0., 0., 1., 1.)
my_vbo = vbo.VBO(
array( [
( quad[0], quad[1], 0, tex[0], tex[1]),
( quad[0], quad[3], 0, tex[0], tex[3]),
( quad[2], quad[3], 0, tex[2], tex[3]),
( quad[2], quad[1], 0, tex[2], tex[1])
],'f,f,f,f,f')
)
# texture
bitmap, palette = checkboard()
height, width = bitmap.shape
f_image = (array(bitmap, 'f') + .4) / 256.0
# Image to be displayed
image_id = glGenTextures(1)
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, image_id)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_ALPHA, width, height, 0,
GL_ALPHA, GL_FLOAT, f_image)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0)
# palette
f_palette = (palette / float32(255))
palette_id = glGenTextures(1)
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_1D)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, palette_id)
glTexImage1D(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 0, GL_RGBA, 256, 0,
GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, f_palette)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_1D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_1D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST)
#glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1)
# shaders
VERTEX_SHADER = shaders.compileShader("""#version 330
layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;
uniform vec2 offset ;
void main()
{
gl_FrontColor = gl_Color;
gl_TexCoord[0].xy = gl_MultiTexCoord0.xy;
gl_Position = vec4((offset.x + position.x - 256) / 256, (256 - offset.y - position.y)/256, 0.0, 1.0);
}""", GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
FRAGMENT_SHADER = shaders.compileShader("""#version 330
uniform sampler2D texture;
uniform sampler1D palette;
void main()
{
vec2 uv = gl_TexCoord[0].xy;
vec4 color = texture2D(texture, uv);
gl_FragColor = texture1D(palette, color.a) ;
}""", GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
shader = shaders.compileProgram(VERTEX_SHADER,FRAGMENT_SHADER)
# uniform variables
offset_uniform_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader, "offset")
texture_uniform_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader, 'texture' )
palette_uniform_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader, 'palette' )
def display(w, h):
"""Render the geometry for the scene."""
glViewport(0, 0, w, h)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
glOrtho(0, w, 0, h, -1, 1)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glEnable( GL_TEXTURE_2D )
glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE0 )
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, image_id)
glEnable( GL_TEXTURE_1D )
glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE1 )
shaders.glUseProgram(shader)
shaders.glUniform1i(texture_uniform_loc, 0)
shaders.glUniform1i(palette_uniform_loc, 1)
shaders.glUniform2f(offset_uniform_loc, 0, 0)
try:
my_vbo.bind()
try:
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY)
glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY)
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 20, my_vbo)
glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 20, my_vbo + 12)
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_1D, palette_id)
glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 4)
finally:
my_vbo.unbind()
glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY)
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY)
finally:
shaders.glUseProgram( 0 )
glutSwapBuffers()
glutReshapeFunc(reshape)
glutIdleFunc(glutPostRedisplay)
glutMainLoop()