我终于在 linux 上编译了chromium 嵌入式框架 3 。我不得不对 进行一些更改Makefile，但它现在可以工作了。
不幸的是，它没有链接，我不知道为什么。这是链接命令及其给出的错误：
jarrett@debian:~/projects/cef_binary_3.1547.1406_linux$ flock out/Release/linker.lock g++ -Wl,-z,now -Wl,-z,relro -pthread -Wl,-z,noexecstack -fPIC -Wl,-rpath,. -Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,--gc-sections -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgio-2.0 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lpangocairo-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lcairo -lpango-1.0 -lfreetype -lfontconfig -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0 -o out/Release/cefclient -Wl,--start-group out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/cefclient.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/binding_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_app.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_app_delegates.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_handler.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_renderer.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_switches.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/dialog_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/dom_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/osrenderer.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/performance_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/performance_test_tests.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/scheme_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/string_util.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/window_test.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/cefclient_gtk.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/cefclient_osr_widget_gtk.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/client_handler_gtk.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/resource_util_linux.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/resource_util_posix.o out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/window_test_gtk.o out/Release/obj.target/libcef_dll_wrapper.a -Wl,--end-group Release/libcef.so
/usr/bin/ld: out/Release/obj.target/cefclient/cefclient/cefclient_gtk.o: undefined reference to symbol 'g_type_check_instance_cast'
/usr/bin/ld: note: 'g_type_check_instance_cast' is defined in DSO /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgobject-2.0.so so try adding it to the linker command line
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/libgobject-2.0.so: could not read symbols: Invalid operation
这对我来说毫无意义，就像gobject-2.0要链接的库列表一样。它也在系统上（如错误所示）。
有人有想法么？
这是修改后的 CEF3 Makefile（供参考）：
# We borrow heavily from the kernel build setup, though we are simpler since
# we don't have Kconfig tweaking settings on us.
# The implicit make rules have it looking for RCS files, among other things.
# We instead explicitly write all the rules we care about.
# It's even quicker (saves ~200ms) to pass -r on the command line.
MAKEFLAGS=-r
# The source directory tree.
srcdir := .
abs_srcdir := $(abspath $(srcdir))
# The name of the builddir.
builddir_name ?= out
# The V=1 flag on command line makes us verbosely print command lines.
ifdef V
quiet=
else
quiet=quiet_
endif
# Specify BUILDTYPE=Release on the command line for a release build.
BUILDTYPE ?= Debug
# Directory all our build output goes into.
# Note that this must be two directories beneath src/ for unit tests to pass,
# as they reach into the src/ directory for data with relative paths.
builddir ?= $(builddir_name)/$(BUILDTYPE)
abs_builddir := $(abspath $(builddir))
depsdir := $(builddir)/.deps
# Object output directory.
obj := $(builddir)/obj
abs_obj := $(abspath $(obj))
# We build up a list of every single one of the targets so we can slurp in the
# generated dependency rule Makefiles in one pass.
all_deps :=
# C++ apps need to be linked with g++.
#
# Note: flock is used to seralize linking. Linking is a memory-intensive
# process so running parallel links can often lead to thrashing. To disable
# the serialization, override LINK via an envrionment variable as follows:
#
# export LINK=g++
#
# This will allow make to invoke N linker processes as specified in -jN.
LINK ?= flock $(builddir)/linker.lock $(CXX.target)
CC.target ?= $(CC)
CFLAGS.target ?= -pthread -I/usr/lib/gtkglext-1.0/include/ -I/usr/include/gtkglext-1.0 -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/gdk-pixbuf-2.0 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/gio-unix-2.0/ -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pixman-1 -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng12 -I/usr/include/harfbuzz $(CFLAGS)
CXX.target ?= $(CXX)
CXXFLAGS.target ?= -pthread -I/usr/lib/gtkglext-1.0/include/ -I/usr/include/gtkglext-1.0 -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/gdk-pixbuf-2.0 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/gio-unix-2.0/ -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pixman-1 -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng12 -I/usr/include/harfbuzz $(CXXFLAGS)
LINK.target ?= $(LINK)
LDFLAGS.target ?= -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -latk-1.0 -lgio-2.0 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lpangocairo-1.0 -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lcairo -lpango-1.0 -lfreetype -lfontconfig -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0$(LDFLAGS)
AR.target ?= $(AR)
# TODO(evan): move all cross-compilation logic to gyp-time so we don't need
# to replicate this environment fallback in make as well.
CC.host ?= gcc
CFLAGS.host ?=
CXX.host ?= g++
CXXFLAGS.host ?=
LINK.host ?= g++
LDFLAGS.host ?=
AR.host ?= ar
# Define a dir function that can handle spaces.
# http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Syntax-of-Functions
# "leading spaces cannot appear in the text of the first argument as written.
# These characters can be put into the argument value by variable substitution."
empty :=
space := $(empty) $(empty)
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1189781/using-make-dir-or-notdir-on-a-path-with-spaces
replace_spaces = $(subst $(space),?,$1)
unreplace_spaces = $(subst ?,$(space),$1)
dirx = $(call unreplace_spaces,$(dir $(call replace_spaces,$1)))
# Flags to make gcc output dependency info. Note that you need to be
# careful here to use the flags that ccache and distcc can understand.
# We write to a dep file on the side first and then rename at the end
# so we can't end up with a broken dep file.
depfile = $(depsdir)/$(call replace_spaces,$@).d
DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MF $(depfile).raw
# We have to fixup the deps output in a few ways.
# (1) the file output should mention the proper .o file.
# ccache or distcc lose the path to the target, so we convert a rule of
# the form:
# foobar.o: DEP1 DEP2
# into
# path/to/foobar.o: DEP1 DEP2
# (2) we want missing files not to cause us to fail to build.
# We want to rewrite
# foobar.o: DEP1 DEP2 \
# DEP3
# to
# DEP1:
# DEP2:
# DEP3:
# so if the files are missing, they're just considered phony rules.
# We have to do some pretty insane escaping to get those backslashes
# and dollar signs past make, the shell, and sed at the same time.
# Doesn't work with spaces, but that's fine: .d files have spaces in
# their names replaced with other characters.
define fixup_dep
# The depfile may not exist if the input file didn't have any #includes.
touch $(depfile).raw
# Fixup path as in (1).
sed -e "s|^$(notdir $@)|$@|" $(depfile).raw >> $(depfile)
# Add extra rules as in (2).
# We remove slashes and replace spaces with new lines;
# remove blank lines;
# delete the first line and append a colon to the remaining lines.
sed -e 's|\\||' -e 'y| |\n|' $(depfile).raw |\
grep -v '^$$' |\
sed -e 1d -e 's|$$|:|' \
>> $(depfile)
rm $(depfile).raw
endef
# Command definitions:
# - cmd_foo is the actual command to run;
# - quiet_cmd_foo is the brief-output summary of the command.
quiet_cmd_cc = CC($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_cc = $(CC.$(TOOLSET)) $(GYP_CFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS.$(TOOLSET)) -c -o $@ $<
quiet_cmd_cxx = CXX($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_cxx = $(CXX.$(TOOLSET)) $(GYP_CXXFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS.$(TOOLSET)) -c -o $@ $<
quiet_cmd_touch = TOUCH $@
cmd_touch = touch $@
quiet_cmd_copy = COPY $@
# send stderr to /dev/null to ignore messages when linking directories.
cmd_copy = ln -f "$<" "$@" 2>/dev/null || (rm -rf "$@" && cp -af "$<" "$@")
quiet_cmd_alink = AR($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_alink = rm -f $@ && $(AR.$(TOOLSET)) crs $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
quiet_cmd_alink_thin = AR($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_alink_thin = rm -f $@ && $(AR.$(TOOLSET)) crsT $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
# Due to circular dependencies between libraries :(, we wrap the
# special "figure out circular dependencies" flags around the entire
# input list during linking.
quiet_cmd_link = LINK($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_link = $(LINK.$(TOOLSET)) $(GYP_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS.$(TOOLSET)) -o $@ -Wl,--start-group $(LD_INPUTS) -Wl,--end-group $(LIBS)
# We support two kinds of shared objects (.so):
# 1) shared_library, which is just bundling together many dependent libraries
# into a link line.
# 2) loadable_module, which is generating a module intended for dlopen().
#
# They differ only slightly:
# In the former case, we want to package all dependent code into the .so.
# In the latter case, we want to package just the API exposed by the
# outermost module.
# This means shared_library uses --whole-archive, while loadable_module doesn't.
# (Note that --whole-archive is incompatible with the --start-group used in
# normal linking.)
# Other shared-object link notes:
# - Set SONAME to the library filename so our binaries don't reference
# the local, absolute paths used on the link command-line.
quiet_cmd_solink = SOLINK($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_solink = $(LINK.$(TOOLSET)) -shared $(GYP_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS.$(TOOLSET)) -Wl,-soname=$(@F) -o $@ -Wl,--whole-archive $(LD_INPUTS) -Wl,--no-whole-archive $(LIBS)
quiet_cmd_solink_module = SOLINK_MODULE($(TOOLSET)) $@
cmd_solink_module = $(LINK.$(TOOLSET)) -shared $(GYP_LDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS.$(TOOLSET)) -Wl,-soname=$(@F) -o $@ -Wl,--start-group $(filter-out FORCE_DO_CMD, $^) -Wl,--end-group $(LIBS)
# Define an escape_quotes function to escape single quotes.
# This allows us to handle quotes properly as long as we always use
# use single quotes and escape_quotes.
escape_quotes = $(subst ','\'',$(1))
# This comment is here just to include a ' to unconfuse syntax highlighting.
# Define an escape_vars function to escape '$' variable syntax.
# This allows us to read/write command lines with shell variables (e.g.
# $LD_LIBRARY_PATH), without triggering make substitution.
escape_vars = $(subst $$,$$$$,$(1))
# Helper that expands to a shell command to echo a string exactly as it is in
# make. This uses printf instead of echo because printf's behaviour with respect
# to escape sequences is more portable than echo's across different shells
# (e.g., dash, bash).
exact_echo = printf '%s\n' '$(call escape_quotes,$(1))'
# Helper to compare the command we're about to run against the command
# we logged the last time we ran the command. Produces an empty
# string (false) when the commands match.
# Tricky point: Make has no string-equality test function.
# The kernel uses the following, but it seems like it would have false
# positives, where one string reordered its arguments.
# arg_check = $(strip $(filter-out $(cmd_$(1)), $(cmd_$@)) \
# $(filter-out $(cmd_$@), $(cmd_$(1))))
# We instead substitute each for the empty string into the other, and
# say they're equal if both substitutions produce the empty string.
# .d files contain ? instead of spaces, take that into account.
command_changed = $(or $(subst $(cmd_$(1)),,$(cmd_$(call replace_spaces,$@))),\
$(subst $(cmd_$(call replace_spaces,$@)),,$(cmd_$(1))))
# Helper that is non-empty when a prerequisite changes.
# Normally make does this implicitly, but we force rules to always run
# so we can check their command lines.
# $? -- new prerequisites
# $| -- order-only dependencies
prereq_changed = $(filter-out FORCE_DO_CMD,$(filter-out $|,$?))
# Helper that executes all postbuilds until one fails.
define do_postbuilds
@E=0;\
for p in $(POSTBUILDS); do\
eval $$p;\
E=$$?;\
if [ $$E -ne 0 ]; then\
break;\
fi;\
done;\
if [ $$E -ne 0 ]; then\
rm -rf "$@";\
exit $$E;\
fi
endef
# do_cmd: run a command via the above cmd_foo names, if necessary.
# Should always run for a given target to handle command-line changes.
# Second argument, if non-zero, makes it do asm/C/C++ dependency munging.
# Third argument, if non-zero, makes it do POSTBUILDS processing.
# Note: We intentionally do NOT call dirx for depfile, since it contains ? for
# spaces already and dirx strips the ? characters.
define do_cmd
$(if $(or $(command_changed),$(prereq_changed)),
@$(call exact_echo, $($(quiet)cmd_$(1)))
@mkdir -p "$(call dirx,$@)" "$(dir $(depfile))"
$(if $(findstring flock,$(word 1,$(cmd_$1))),
@$(cmd_$(1))
@echo " $(quiet_cmd_$(1)): Finished",
@$(cmd_$(1))
)
@$(call exact_echo,$(call escape_vars,cmd_$(call replace_spaces,$@) := $(cmd_$(1)))) > $(depfile)
@$(if $(2),$(fixup_dep))
$(if $(and $(3), $(POSTBUILDS)),
$(call do_postbuilds)
)
)
endef
# Declare the "all" target first so it is the default,
# even though we don't have the deps yet.
.PHONY: all
all:
# make looks for ways to re-generate included makefiles, but in our case, we
# don't have a direct way. Explicitly telling make that it has nothing to do
# for them makes it go faster.
%.d: ;
# Use FORCE_DO_CMD to force a target to run. Should be coupled with
# do_cmd.
.PHONY: FORCE_DO_CMD
FORCE_DO_CMD:
TOOLSET := target
# Suffix rules, putting all outputs into $(obj).
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.c FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.cc FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.cpp FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.cxx FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.S FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(srcdir)/%.s FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
# Try building from generated source, too.
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.c FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.cc FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.cpp FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.cxx FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.S FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.s FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.c FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.cc FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.cpp FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.cxx FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cxx,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.S FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
$(obj).$(TOOLSET)/%.o: $(obj)/%.s FORCE_DO_CMD
@$(call do_cmd,cc,1)
ifeq ($(strip $(foreach prefix,$(NO_LOAD),\
$(findstring $(join ^,$(prefix)),\
$(join ^,./cefclient.target.mk)))),)
include ./cefclient.target.mk
endif
ifeq ($(strip $(foreach prefix,$(NO_LOAD),\
$(findstring $(join ^,$(prefix)),\
$(join ^,./gtk.target.mk)))),)
include ./gtk.target.mk
endif
ifeq ($(strip $(foreach prefix,$(NO_LOAD),\
$(findstring $(join ^,$(prefix)),\
$(join ^,./libcef_dll_wrapper.target.mk)))),)
include ./libcef_dll_wrapper.target.mk
endif
# "all" is a concatenation of the "all" targets from all the included
# sub-makefiles. This is just here to clarify.
all:
# Add in dependency-tracking rules. $(all_deps) is the list of every single
# target in our tree. Only consider the ones with .d (dependency) info:
d_files := $(wildcard $(foreach f,$(all_deps),$(depsdir)/$(f).d))
ifneq ($(d_files),)
include $(d_files)
endif