将近三年后,我正在回答我自己的问题。
为此,我将考虑我在 CUDA 多 GPU 执行中的并发中的示例,其中强调了使用异步副本如何实现真正的多 GPU 并发。特别是,我将考虑那篇文章的测试用例 #8。
为了清楚起见,此处报告了测试用例 #8 的完整代码和分析器时间线。
#include "Utilities.cuh"
#include "InputOutput.cuh"
#define BLOCKSIZE 128
/*******************/
/* KERNEL FUNCTION */
/*******************/
template<class T>
__global__ void kernelFunction(T * __restrict__ d_data, const unsigned int NperGPU) {
const int tid = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.x * blockDim.x;
if (tid < NperGPU) for (int k = 0; k < 1000; k++) d_data[tid] = d_data[tid] * d_data[tid];
}
/******************/
/* PLAN STRUCTURE */
/******************/
// --- Async
template<class T>
struct plan {
T *d_data;
};
/*********************/
/* SVD PLAN CREATION */
/*********************/
template<class T>
void createPlan(plan<T>& plan, unsigned int NperGPU, unsigned int gpuID) {
// --- Device allocation
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(gpuID));
gpuErrchk(cudaMalloc(&(plan.d_data), NperGPU * sizeof(T)));
}
/********/
/* MAIN */
/********/
int main() {
const int numGPUs = 4;
const int NperGPU = 500000;
const int N = NperGPU * numGPUs;
plan<double> plan[numGPUs];
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) createPlan(plan[k], NperGPU, k);
// --- "Breadth-first" approach - async
double *inputMatrices; gpuErrchk(cudaMallocHost(&inputMatrices, N * sizeof(double)));
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) {
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
gpuErrchk(cudaMemcpyAsync(plan[k].d_data, inputMatrices + k * NperGPU, NperGPU * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
}
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) {
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
kernelFunction<<<iDivUp(NperGPU, BLOCKSIZE), BLOCKSIZE>>>(plan[k].d_data, NperGPU);
}
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) {
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
gpuErrchk(cudaMemcpyAsync(inputMatrices + k * NperGPU, plan[k].d_data, NperGPU * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
}
gpuErrchk(cudaDeviceReset());
}
定时异步副本 - 并发性被破坏
现在,让我们从计时异步副本开始。一种可能的方法是使用以下代码段:
float time[numGPUs];
cudaEvent_t start[numGPUs], stop[numGPUs];
// --- "Breadth-first" approach - async
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) {
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&start[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&stop[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventRecord(start[k], 0);
gpuErrchk(cudaMemcpyAsync(plan[k].d_data, plan[k].h_data, NperGPU * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
cudaEventRecord(stop[k], 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(stop[k]);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&time[k], start[k], stop[k]);
}
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) printf("Elapsed time: %3.1f ms \n", time[k]);
不幸的是,这种计时方式破坏了并发性,从下面的分析器时间线中可以看出:
定时异步副本 - 保留并发性
为避免此问题,可以将 GPU 任务作为 OpenMP 线程启动,如下所示:
int maxNumProcessors = omp_get_max_threads();
std::cout << "Maximum number of CPU threads = " << maxNumProcessors << std::endl;
// --- "Breadth-first" approach - async
omp_set_num_threads(numGPUs);
#pragma omp parallel
{
unsigned int k = omp_get_thread_num();
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&start[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&stop[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventRecord(start[k], 0);
gpuErrchk(cudaMemcpyAsync(plan[k].d_data, plan[k].h_data, NperGPU * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
cudaEventRecord(stop[k], 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(stop[k]);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&time[k], start[k], stop[k]);
printf("Thread nr. %i; Elapsed time: %3.1f ms \n", k, time[k]);
}
从分析器时间线可以看出,保留了并发性。
内核启动时间 - 并发性被破坏
在内核启动计时时也会发生同样的情况。使用以下代码段,并发性被破坏。
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) {
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&start[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&stop[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventRecord(start[k], 0);
kernelFunction<<<iDivUp(NperGPU, BLOCKSIZE), BLOCKSIZE>>>(plan[k].d_data, NperGPU);
cudaEventRecord(stop[k], 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(stop[k]);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&time[k], start[k], stop[k]);
}
for (int k = 0; k < numGPUs; k++) printf("Elapsed time: %3.1f ms \n", time[k]);
内核启动时间 - 保留并发性
与上述相反,使用 OpenMP 可以保留并发性。
int maxNumProcessors = omp_get_max_threads();
std::cout << "Maximum number of CPU threads = " << maxNumProcessors << std::endl;
omp_set_num_threads(numGPUs);
#pragma omp parallel
{
unsigned int k = omp_get_thread_num();
gpuErrchk(cudaSetDevice(k));
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&start[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&stop[k], cudaEventBlockingSync);
cudaEventRecord(start[k], 0);
kernelFunction<<<iDivUp(NperGPU, BLOCKSIZE), BLOCKSIZE>>>(plan[k].d_data, NperGPU);
cudaEventRecord(stop[k], 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(stop[k]);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&time[k], start[k], stop[k]);
printf("Thread nr. %i; Elapsed time: %3.1f ms \n", k, time[k]);
}