Something seems wrong with your coffeescript install. I'm doing the same thing you're doing and it's all fine.
$ cat temp.coffee
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
$ coffee -cm temp.coffee
$ cat temp.js
// Generated by CoffeeScript 1.6.2
(function() {
app.use(express["static"](path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
}).call(this);
/*
//@ sourceMappingURL=temp.map
*/
$ cat temp.map
{
"version": 3,
"file": "temp.js",
"sourceRoot": "",
"sources": [
"temp.coffee"
],
"names": [],
"mappings": ";AAAA;CAAA,CAAA,CAAG,CAAwB,GAAZ,CAAA,CAAQ;CAAvB"
}
$ coffee -v
CoffeeScript version 1.6.2
$ which coffee
/usr/bin/coffee
Try following these steps and let me know what happens.