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假设您有几个字典跟踪每个键的三个浮点值(在子字典中)。您希望能够以添加多个字典中存在的键值的方式合并这些字典。

使用普通的 dict 更新,值被覆盖,所以你子类dict()

class StatementDict(dict):
    def add(self, statement):
        ann_id = statement[0]
        lvl_dict = statement[1]
        if ann_id in self:
            self[ann_id]['skill'] += lvl_dict['skill']
            self[ann_id]['knowledge'] += lvl_dict['knowledge']
            self[ann_id]['interest'] += lvl_dict['interest']
        else:
            self[ann_id] = lvl_dict

    def update(self, statement_dict):
        for statement in statement_dict.iteritems():
            self.add(statement)

然后将要合并/添加的字典放入普通字典的键中:

# Small example data that reproduces the error
few_statements = {}
few_statements['linkedin'] = {u'Homerun': {u'skill': 14.0,
                                           u'knowledge': 34.0,
                                           u'interest': 20.0}}
few_statements['tudelft'] = {u'Presentation': {u'skill': 14.0,
                                               u'knowledge': 34.0,
                                               u'interest': 20.0},
                             u'Future': {u'skill': 16.0,
                                         u'knowledge': 25.33,
                                         u'interest': 2.0},
                             u'Visual_perception': {u'skill': 20.46,
                                                    u'knowledge': 28.35,
                                                    u'interest': 4.0}}
few_statements['website'] = {u'Homerun': {u'skill': 1.0,
                                          u'knowledge': 3.0,
                                          u'interest': 2.0}}

few_statements['shareworks'] = {u'Presentation': {u'skill': 8.0,
                                                  u'knowledge': 20.0,
                                                  u'interest': 12.0},
                                u'Future': {u'skill': 17.0,
                                            u'knowledge': 26.33,
                                            u'interest': 3.0},
                                u'Visual_perception': {u'skill': 2.0,
                                                       u'knowledge': 3.0,
                                                       u'interest': 6.0}}

现在我们应该可以将这些键、值对StatementDict()一一添加,或者使用该StatementDict.update()方法。将源字典添加到 StatementDict 的顺序与结果无关。

# First we try updating in one order
small_test1a = StatementDict()
for origin in ("tudelft", "website", "linkedin", "shareworks"):
    for st in few_statements[origin].iteritems():
        small_test1a.add(st)

# And then in another order
small_test2 = StatementDict()
for origin in ("linkedin", "shareworks", "tudelft", "website"):
    for st in few_statements[origin].iteritems():
        small_test2.add(st)

print "Different order, same result?", small_test1a == small_test2
                                                # False, but why?
for key in small_test1a:
    print "Desired:", key, small_test1a[key]
    print "Unexpected:", key, small_test2[key]

唉,添加字典的顺序确实会影响结果。但是为什么,以及发生了什么意外的结果?

Desired: Future {u'skill': 33.0, u'knowledge': 51.66, u'interest': 5.0}
Unexpected: Future {u'skill': 50.0, u'knowledge': 77.99, u'interest': 8.0}
Desired: Presentation {u'skill': 22.0, u'knowledge': 54.0, u'interest': 32.0}
Unexpected: Presentation {u'skill': 30.0, u'knowledge': 74.0, u'interest': 44.0}
Desired: Homerun {u'skill': 15.0, u'knowledge': 37.0, u'interest': 22.0}
Unexpected: Homerun {u'skill': 29.0, u'knowledge': 71.0, u'interest': 42.0}
Desired: Visual_perception {u'skill': 22.46, u'knowledge': 31.35, u'interest': 10.0}
Unexpected: Visual_perception {u'skill': 24.46, u'knowledge': 34.35, u'interest': 16.0}

以第二个顺序添加字典似乎使首先放置的字典的值加倍(添加两次?)。我不明白为什么会这样。如何使所需的添加行为可靠地发生,而与添加顺序无关?

我不明白的另一件事:为什么small_test1a当我制作一个新的StatementDict()并用相同的值填充它时,值会发生变化?

运行以下行会导致small_test1a循环的最终迭代发生变化:

small_test1b = StatementDict()
for origin in ("tudelft", "website", "linkedin", "shareworks"):
    small_test1b.update(few_statements[origin])
print "\nDoes .update() function?", small_test1a == small_test1b
print small_test1a

PS使用我的实际数据,根本不会发生任何添加。相反,保留第一个放置的值。这更新普通字典不同,其中值被覆盖。不幸的是,我无法用少量测试数据重现这种行为。

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1 回答 1

1

当你这样做时:

self[ann_id] = lvl_dict

self[ann_id]为那个特定的字典取另一个名字(例如,“tudelft”的名字)。然后,当您执行后续操作时:

self[ann_id]['skill'] += lvl_dict['skill']

lvl_dict根据当前的修改前一个(即,在这种情况下,将“tudelft”的一个更改为“website”的一个)。

对此的最小修复是copy第一个字典。但是,我可能会尝试使用collections.defaultdict,以便您可以if ann_id in self:完全消除测试。当 defaultdict 创建一个新字典时,它将是一个新实例,因此不会修改任何现有实例。


defaultdict在下面的评论中使用和 lambda 函数的示例:

from collections import defaultdict

class StatementDict(defaultdict):
    def __init__(self):
        defaultdict.__init__(self,
            lambda: {'skill': 0.0, 'knowledge': 0.0, 'interest': 0.0})

    def add(self, statement):
        ... as before ...
于 2013-07-14T23:32:28.373 回答