You should definitely find more information in the error log, but a few things to look at are:
- permissions: com_installer may need the tmp folder to be writable
- configuration: is your tmp folder configured properly (you can check in system information)
- corruption: try reinstalling the update package of Joomla over your current installation (the update package) with ftp/shell
- improper routing configuration: you may have some wrong configuration either in your httpd.conf or .htaccess file (try renaming them quickly to see if this is the issue; look for an .htaccess in the administrator folder, and each parent up to the web root (so ./uploads/administrator, ./uploads, . )
I repeat, reading the error log (apache error_log or php error, or turn on debug in Joomla) should give you more than enough information to pinpoint the issue.