ontology - 如何将个人与个人组合联系起来？

Question

我有一个包含植物和疾病以及属性treat（植物treat疾病）的本体。我有很多植物和疾病，但现在我想添加一种可以通过两种或多种植物组合治疗的疾病。例如，我如何表示下面的句子？

疾病 X 可以通过植物 A 和植物 B 的组合来治疗，但不能单独通过植物 A 或植物 B 治疗。

我一直在考虑使用推理器来获得这个，但我不知道如何。

Answer 1

替代约书亚的答案：您可以将疾病和植物表示为 OWL 类，因为在这里您指的是植物集（不是特定实例，您会在自然界中找到）。然后，您可以将类与存在限制（some- 生物学中的常见模式）联系起来。

您还需要在建模中引入一个补充步骤，如前所述：植物可以是例如治疗的成分，可以通过治疗来治疗疾病。

然后，如果您考虑以下注释的 ( #) 本体（曼彻斯特语法），我将描述建模的公理。您可以保存文件并使用 Protege 打开它。

Prefix: xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
Prefix: owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
Prefix: : <http://www.example.org/demo.owl#>
Prefix: xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
Prefix: rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
Prefix: rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

Ontology: <http://www.example.org/demo.owl>

ObjectProperty: has-ingredient

ObjectProperty: treatableBy

Class: owl:Thing

Class: PlantA
  SubClassOf: 
    Plant

Class: Treatment

#Your treatment obtained by mixing some 
#of the plant B and some of the plant A
Class: TreatmentAB
  SubClassOf: 
    Treatment,
    (has-ingredient some PlantA)
     and (has-ingredient some PlantB)

Class: PlantB
  SubClassOf: 
    Plant

#This treatment has ingredient the plant A
Class: TreatmentA
  SubClassOf: 
    has-ingredient some PlantA,
    Treatment

#This treatment is made from plant B (among other things) 
Class: TreatmentB
  SubClassOf: 
    Treatment,
    has-ingredient some PlantB

Class: Disease

Class: Plant

# This disease is treatable by the TreatmentAB
Class: DiseaseA
  SubClassOf: 
    treatableBy some TreatmentAB,
    Disease

Class: DiseaseB
  SubClassOf: 
    treatableBy some TreatmentB,
    Disease

现在，如果我们对本体进行推理并要求其子类，treatableBy some TreatmentA我们将不会得到任何类。表达式按预期treatableBy some TreatmentAB返回。DiseaseA

Answer 2

听起来您目前拥有一个带有类Disease和的本体Plant，以及一个treats带有域Plant和范围的属性Disease。据我了解，问题在于应该对待 some Diseases 的不是单个Plants，而是它们的组合。在这些情况下，我们可以说植物被用于治疗疾病，但它本身并不治疗疾病。同样可以合理地说，如果植物本身可以治疗疾病，那么它也可以用于治疗疾病。

所以，你有一类你以前没有考虑过的个体，那就是植物的组合，那么为什么不引入一个与组合中的植物相关的类PlantCombination和属性呢？您还可以添加一个限制，即每个植物组合至少有两种植物，如果您愿意，可以说。由于s 和s 都可以处理s，因此您需要将域更改为 be 。为确保推理者可以推断出if then，您可以断言。（这也意味着治疗疾病的植物组合也可用于治疗该疾病。）以确保当与植物成分组合时23hasComponentPlantCombinationPlantCombination SubClassOf hasComponent min 2 PlantPlantPlantCombinationDiseasetreatsPlant or PlantCombination plant82 treats disease92 plant82 isUsedToTreat disease92treats SubPropertyOf isUsedToTreat治疗一种疾病，那个plant23是用来治疗疾病的，你可以添加断言 that inverse(hasComponent) o treats SubPropertyOf isUsedToTreat。这是一个可以做到这一点的本体：

N3 格式

@prefix :        <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#> .
@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix owl:     <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd:     <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdf:     <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .

<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases>
      a       owl:Ontology .

:Plant
      a       owl:Class .

:Disease
      a       owl:Class .

:PlantCombination
      a       owl:Class ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:minQualifiedCardinality
                        "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
                owl:onClass :Plant ;
                owl:onProperty :hasComponent
              ] .

:hasComponent
      a       owl:ObjectProperty ;
      rdfs:domain :PlantCombination ;
      rdfs:range :Plant .

:isUsedToTreat
      a       owl:ObjectProperty ;
      rdfs:comment "X isUsedToTreat Y means that X is used in the treatment of Y.  X may either treat Y, or may be a component of a combination that treats Y." ;
      rdfs:domain
              [ a       owl:Class ;
                owl:unionOf (:Plant :PlantCombination)
              ] ;
      rdfs:range :Disease ;
      owl:propertyChainAxiom
              ([ owl:inverseOf :hasComponent
                ] :treats) .

:treats
      a       owl:ObjectProperty ;
      rdfs:comment "X treats Y means that X is a sufficient treatment for Y." ;
      rdfs:domain
              [ a       owl:Class ;
                owl:unionOf (:Plant :PlantCombination)
              ] ;
      rdfs:range :Disease ;
      rdfs:subPropertyOf :isUsedToTreat .

OWL 功能语法

Prefix(xsd:=<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>)
Prefix(owl:=<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>)
Prefix(xml:=<http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>)
Prefix(rdf:=<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>)
Prefix(rdfs:=<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>)

Ontology(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases>

Declaration(Class(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Disease>))
Declaration(Class(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Plant>))
Declaration(Class(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#PlantCombination>))
SubClassOf(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#PlantCombination> ObjectMinCardinality(2 <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#hasComponent> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Plant>))
Declaration(ObjectProperty(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#hasComponent>))
ObjectPropertyDomain(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#hasComponent> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#PlantCombination>)
ObjectPropertyRange(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#hasComponent> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Plant>)
Declaration(ObjectProperty(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat>))
AnnotationAssertion(rdfs:comment <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat> "X isUsedToTreat Y means that X is used in the treatment of Y.  X may either treat Y, or may be a component of a combination that treats Y.")
ObjectPropertyDomain(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat> ObjectUnionOf(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#PlantCombination> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Plant>))
ObjectPropertyRange(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Disease>)
Declaration(ObjectProperty(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats>))
AnnotationAssertion(rdfs:comment <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats> "X treats Y means that X is a sufficient treatment for Y.")
SubObjectPropertyOf(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat>)
ObjectPropertyDomain(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats> ObjectUnionOf(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#PlantCombination> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Plant>))
ObjectPropertyRange(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats> <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#Disease>)
SubObjectPropertyOf(ObjectPropertyChain(ObjectInverseOf(<http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#hasComponent>) <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#treats>) <http://www.example.org/plantsAndDiseases#isUsedToTreat>)
)