要获取n
列表的最后一个元素xs
,我可以使用reverse (take n (reverse xs))
,但这不是很好的代码(它在返回任何内容之前将完整的列表保存在内存中,并且结果不与原始列表共享)。
如何lastR
在 Haskell 中实现这个功能?
这应该具有仅迭代列表长度一次的属性。N 代表drop n
和 n - 1 代表 zipLeftover。
zipLeftover :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]
zipLeftover [] [] = []
zipLeftover xs [] = xs
zipLeftover [] ys = ys
zipLeftover (x:xs) (y:ys) = zipLeftover xs ys
lastN :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastN n xs = zipLeftover (drop n xs) xs
这是一个更短,也许更好的替代方案,因为正如 Satvik 指出的那样,使用递归运算符通常比使用显式递归更好。
import Data.Foldable
takeLeftover :: [a] -> t -> [a]
takeLeftover [] _ = []
takeLeftover (x:xss) _ = xss
lastN' :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastN' n xs = foldl' takeLeftover xs (drop n xs)
另请注意 Will Ness 在下面的评论takeLeftover
只是:
takeLeftover == const . drop 1
这使事情变得相当整洁:
lastN' :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastN' n xs = foldl' (const . drop 1) xs (drop n xs)
-- or
-- lastN' n xs = foldl' (const . drop 1) <*> drop n
据我所知,您可以使用类似的东西
lastN :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastN n xs = drop (length xs - n) xs
但是对于内置列表上的任何实现,您都无法表现得比O(length of list - n)
.
看起来您正在尝试将 list 用于无法有效执行的操作。使用Data.Sequence
列表或其他一些实现,它允许在列表末尾有效地执行操作。
编辑:
Davorak 的实现看起来是您可以从内置列表中获得的最有效的实现。但请记住,除了单个函数的运行时间之外,还有一些复杂的问题,比如它是否与其他函数融合得很好等。
Daniel 的解决方案使用内置函数,具有与 Davorak 相同的复杂性,我认为与其他函数融合的机会更大。
不确定它是否非常快,但很容易:
lastR n xs = snd $ dropWhile (not . null . fst) $ zip (tails $ drop n xs) (tails xs)
请注意,无论您做什么,都需要遍历整个列表。reverse (take n (reverse xs))
也就是说,与先计算列表的长度并删除适当数量的元素相比,您可以做得更好:
lastN :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastN n xs = let m = length xs in drop (m-n) xs
这是 Davorak 的第一个解决方案的简化:
-- dropLength bs = drop (length bs)
dropLength :: [b] -> [a] -> [a]
dropLength [] as = as
dropLength _ [] = []
dropLength (_ : bs) (_ : as) = dropLength bs as
lastR :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
lastR n as = dropLength (drop n as) as
当n <= length as
, length (drop n as) = length as - n
, 所以dropLength (drop n as) as = drop (length (drop n as)) as = drop (length as - n) as
, 是 的最后一个n
元素as
。当n > length as
, dropLength (drop n as) as = dropLength [] as = as
, 这是唯一合理的答案。
如果你想使用折叠,你可以写
dropLength :: [b] -> [a] -> [a]
dropLength = foldr go id
where
go _b _r [] = []
go _b r (_a : as) = r as
这对 没有任何lastR
影响,但在其他应用程序中它可以为您赢得一些列表融合。
简单的解决方案还不错。无论如何,算法都是 O(n)。
takeLastN n = reverse . take n . reverse
时间比较:
> length $ lastN 3000000 (replicate 10000000 "H") -- Davorak's solution #1
3000000
(0.88 secs, 560,065,232 bytes)
> length $ lastN' 3000000 (replicate 10000000 "H") -- Davorak's solution #2
3000000
(1.82 secs, 840,065,096 bytes)
> length $ lastN'' 3000000 (replicate 10000000 "H") -- Chris Taylor's solution
3000000
(0.50 secs, 560,067,680 bytes)
> length $ takeLastN 3000000 (replicate 10000000 "H") -- Simple solution
3000000
(0.81 secs, 1,040,064,928 bytes)
正如Joachim Breitner在问题和评论中指出的那样,仍然存在内存问题。比其他解决方案慢不了多少,这样的解决方案需要几乎两倍的内存。您可以在基准测试中看到这一点。
takeLast :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
takeLast n xs
| n < 1 = []
| otherwise = let s = splitAt n xs in bla (fst s) (snd s)
where
bla xs [] = xs
bla (x:xs) (y:ys) = bla (xs ++ [y]) ys