我在 LWJGL 工作,并且一直在努力编写一个允许简单 3d 查看场景的程序。我遇到的主要问题是,每当我应用透视时,我的场景在 z 轴上被拉伸得非常非常远。
中间的正方形是用正交投影绘制的立方体(这里立方体的意思是“所有边都相等”)。从左下角到中心的形状也是一个立方体,但是用透视投影绘制的!
显然,这看起来不像一个立方体。这是我的代码(它有点像一堵墙,所以我把它拆了):
public class OpenGL
{
//width and height of the screen, plus the depth of the 3d space
public static final int WIDTH = 800, HEIGHT = 600, DEPTH = 1000;
//called once at startup
private static void initGl()
{
GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D);
GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_BLEND);
GL11.glEnable(GL11.GL_DEPTH_TEST);
GL11.glBlendFunc(GL11.GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL11.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
GL11.glViewport(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT);
GL11.glDepthFunc(GL11.GL_LESS);
GL11.glPolygonMode(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_FILL);
GL11.glClearColor(0,0,0,0);
GL11.glShadeModel(GL11.GL_SMOOTH);
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_PROJECTION);
GL11.glLoadIdentity();
GL11.glOrtho(0, WIDTH, HEIGHT, 0, DEPTH, -DEPTH);
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
DEFAULT_FONT.addAsciiGlyphs();
DEFAULT_FONT.addGlyphs(400, 600);
DEFAULT_FONT.getEffects().add(new ColorEffect(java.awt.Color.WHITE));
try
{
DEFAULT_FONT.loadGlyphs();
}
catch (SlickException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
这些都在另一个类中,每秒被调用 30 次。
//main rendering function.
public void render()
{
//these two just input values for different variables, allowing for
//movement of the camera and testing different values of znear and zfar.
//nothing OpenGL-related is changed.
update();
updatePerspectiveTest();
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
p.render(); //draws the normal cube, the "player"
if (perspective)
{
perspective();
}
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
loadRotationalMatrix(yaw,pitch,roll);
loadPositionalMatrix(-y,-x,-z);
env.render(); //draws the distorted cube, the "environment"
GL11.glLoadIdentity();
ortho();
//render debug data
}
//resets to orthographic projection
public static void ortho()
{
int i = GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_MATRIX_MODE);
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_PROJECTION);
GL11.glLoadIdentity();
GL11.glOrtho(-OpenGL.WIDTH/2, OpenGL.WIDTH/2,
OpenGL.HEIGHT/2, -OpenGL.HEIGHT/2, OpenGL.DEPTH/2, -OpenGL.DEPTH/2);
GL11.glMatrixMode(i);
}
这是切换视角的功能。这大概就是问题所在。
//activate perspective projection. Maybe something wrong here?
public static void perspective()
{
int i = GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_MATRIX_MODE);
GL11.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_PROJECTION);
GL11.glLoadIdentity();
GL11.glFrustum(-OpenGL.WIDTH/2, OpenGL.WIDTH/2,
OpenGL.HEIGHT/2, -OpenGL.HEIGHT/2,
pzNear, pzFar);
GL11.glMatrixMode(i);
}
这些函数用于转换。它们可能不相关,但我认为将它们包括在内是件好事。
//translates the camera via matrix multiplication.
public static void loadPositionalMatrix(float x, float y, float z)
{
FloatBuffer m = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
m.put(new float[]
{
1, 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0,
x, y, z, 1
});
m.flip();
GL11.glMultMatrix(m);
}
//sets yaw, pitch and roll using rotational matrices. Not really being used now.
public static void loadRotationalMatrix(double pitch, double yaw, double roll)
{
FloatBuffer Ry = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
FloatBuffer Rx = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
FloatBuffer Rz = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
Rx.put(new float[]
{
1, 0, 0, 0,
0, (float) cos(pitch), (float) sin(pitch), 0,
0, (float) -sin(pitch), (float) cos(pitch), 0,
0, 0, 0, 1
});
Ry.put(new float[]
{
(float) cos(yaw), 0, (float) -sin(yaw), 0,
0, 1, 0, 0,
(float) sin(yaw), 0, (float) cos(yaw), 0,
0, 0, 0, 1
});
Rz.put(new float[]
{
(float) cos(roll), (float) sin(roll), 0, 0,
(float) -sin(roll), (float) cos(roll), 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 1
});
Rx.flip();
Ry.flip();
Rz.flip();
GL11.glMultMatrix(Rz);
GL11.glMultMatrix(Ry);
GL11.glMultMatrix(Rx);
}
我玩过 zNear 和 zFar,但到目前为止我尝试过的值都没有导致正确的投影。
具体问题是:为什么第二个立方体看起来如此可怕地扭曲,我能做些什么来纠正它?