递归实现
这是一个相当优雅的递归实现,为了清晰起见,它使用了 Python 3 的特性:
def strict_compose(*funcs):
*funcs, penultimate, last = funcs
if funcs:
penultimate = strict_compose(*funcs, penultimate)
return lambda *args, **kwargs: penultimate(last(*args, **kwargs))
Python 2 兼容版本:
def strict_compose2(*funcs):
if len(funcs) > 2:
penultimate = strict_compose2(*funcs[:-1])
else:
penultimate = funcs[-2]
return lambda *args, **kwargs: penultimate(funcs[-1](*args, **kwargs))
这是一个较早的版本,它使用递归的惰性求值:
def lazy_recursive_compose(*funcs):
def inner(*args, _funcs=funcs, **kwargs):
if len(_funcs) > 1:
return inner(_funcs[-1](*args, **kwargs), _funcs=_funcs[:-1])
else:
return _funcs[0](*args, **kwargs)
return inner
两者似乎都会在每个递归调用中创建一个新的元组和参数字典。
所有建议的比较:
让我们测试其中一些实现并确定哪个是性能最高的,首先是一些单参数函数(谢谢戳):
def square(x):
return x ** 2
def increment(x):
return x + 1
def half(x):
return x / 2
这是我们的实现,我怀疑我的迭代版本是第二高效的(手动编写自然是最快的),但这可能部分是因为它回避了在函数之间传递任意数量的参数或关键字参数的困难 - 在大多数情况下我们只会看到一个微不足道的参数被传递。
from functools import reduce
def strict_recursive_compose(*funcs):
*funcs, penultimate, last = funcs
if funcs:
penultimate = strict_recursive_compose(*funcs, penultimate)
return lambda *args, **kwargs: penultimate(last(*args, **kwargs))
def strict_recursive_compose2(*funcs):
if len(funcs) > 2:
penultimate = strict_recursive_compose2(*funcs[:-1])
else:
penultimate = funcs[-2]
return lambda *args, **kwargs: penultimate(funcs[-1](*args, **kwargs))
def lazy_recursive_compose(*funcs):
def inner(*args, _funcs=funcs, **kwargs):
if len(_funcs) > 1:
return inner(_funcs[-1](*args, **kwargs), _funcs=_funcs[:-1])
else:
return _funcs[0](*args, **kwargs)
return inner
def iterative_compose(*functions):
"""my implementation, only accepts one argument."""
def inner(arg):
for f in reversed(functions):
arg = f(arg)
return arg
return inner
def _compose2(f, g):
return lambda *a, **kw: f(g(*a, **kw))
def reduce_compose1(*fs):
return reduce(_compose2, fs)
def reduce_compose2(*funcs):
"""bug fixed - added reversed()"""
return lambda x: reduce(lambda acc, f: f(acc), reversed(funcs), x)
并测试这些:
import timeit
def manual_compose(n):
return square(increment(half(n)))
composes = (strict_recursive_compose, strict_recursive_compose2,
lazy_recursive_compose, iterative_compose,
reduce_compose1, reduce_compose2)
print('manual compose', min(timeit.repeat(lambda: manual_compose(5))), manual_compose(5))
for compose in composes:
fn = compose(square, increment, half)
result = min(timeit.repeat(lambda: fn(5)))
print(compose.__name__, result, fn(5))
结果
我们得到以下输出(Python 2 和 3 中的大小和比例相同):
manual compose 0.4963762479601428 12.25
strict_recursive_compose 0.6564744340721518 12.25
strict_recursive_compose2 0.7216697579715401 12.25
lazy_recursive_compose 1.260614730999805 12.25
iterative_compose 0.614982972969301 12.25
reduce_compose1 0.6768529079854488 12.25
reduce_compose2 0.9890829260693863 12.25
而我的预期也得到了证实:最快的当然是手动函数组合,然后是迭代实现。惰性递归版本要慢得多——可能是因为每个函数调用都会创建一个新的堆栈帧,并且为每个函数创建一个新的函数元组。
为了更好,也许更现实的比较,如果你在函数中删除**kwargs
并更改*args
为arg
,使用它们的函数将更有性能,我们可以更好地比较苹果 - 在这里,除了手动组合之外,reduce_compose1 获胜,然后是strict_recursive_compose:
manual compose 0.443808660027571 12.25
strict_recursive_compose 0.5409777010791004 12.25
strict_recursive_compose2 0.5698030130006373 12.25
lazy_recursive_compose 1.0381018499610946 12.25
iterative_compose 0.619289995986037 12.25
reduce_compose1 0.49532539502251893 12.25
reduce_compose2 0.9633988010464236 12.25
只有一个参数的函数:
def strict_recursive_compose(*funcs):
*funcs, penultimate, last = funcs
if funcs:
penultimate = strict_recursive_compose(*funcs, penultimate)
return lambda arg: penultimate(last(arg))
def strict_recursive_compose2(*funcs):
if len(funcs) > 2:
penultimate = strict_recursive_compose2(*funcs[:-1])
else:
penultimate = funcs[-2]
return lambda arg: penultimate(funcs[-1](arg))
def lazy_recursive_compose(*funcs):
def inner(arg, _funcs=funcs):
if len(_funcs) > 1:
return inner(_funcs[-1](arg), _funcs=_funcs[:-1])
else:
return _funcs[0](arg)
return inner
def iterative_compose(*functions):
"""my implementation, only accepts one argument."""
def inner(arg):
for f in reversed(functions):
arg = f(arg)
return arg
return inner
def _compose2(f, g):
return lambda arg: f(g(arg))
def reduce_compose1(*fs):
return reduce(_compose2, fs)
def reduce_compose2(*funcs):
"""bug fixed - added reversed()"""
return lambda x: reduce(lambda acc, f: f(acc), reversed(funcs), x)