我还很陌生HTTPS/SSL/TLS，我对客户在使用证书进行身份验证时应该呈现的内容感到有些困惑。
我正在编写一个 Java 客户端，它需要对POST特定的URL. 那部分工作正常，唯一的问题是它应该完成HTTPS。该HTTPS部分相当容易处理（使用HTTPclient或使用 Java 的内置HTTPS支持），但我坚持使用客户端证书进行身份验证。我注意到这里已经有一个非常相似的问题，我还没有用我的代码尝试过（很快就会这样做）。我当前的问题是——无论我做什么——Java 客户端从不发送证书（我可以通过PCAP转储检查这一点）。
我想知道在使用证书进行身份验证时客户端应该向服务器提供什么（特别是对于 Java - 如果这很重要的话）？这是一个JKS文件，还是PKCS#12？里面应该有什么；只是客户端证书，还是密钥？如果是这样，哪个键？对于所有不同类型的文件、证书类型等，存在相当多的混淆。
正如我之前所说的那样，我是新手，HTTPS/SSL/TLS所以我也会欣赏一些背景信息（不一定是一篇文章；我会满足于指向好文章的链接）。
终于设法解决了所有问题，所以我将回答我自己的问题。这些是我用来解决我的特定问题的设置/文件；
客户端的密钥库是一个PKCS#12 格式文件，其中包含
例如，为了生成它，我使用了 OpenSSL 的pkcs12命令；
openssl pkcs12 -export -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12 -name "Whatever"
提示：确保您获得的是最新的 OpenSSL，而不是0.9.8h 版本，因为这似乎存在不允许您正确生成 PKCS#12 文件的错误。
当服务器明确请求客户端进行身份验证时，Java 客户端将使用此 PKCS#12 文件向服务器提供客户端证书。请参阅有关 TLS 的 Wikipedia 文章，了解客户端证书身份验证协议的实际工作原理（也解释了为什么我们需要客户端的私钥）。
客户端的信任库是一个简单的JKS 格式文件，其中包含根或中间 CA 证书。这些 CA 证书将确定您将被允许与哪些端点进行通信，在这种情况下，它将允许您的客户端连接到提供由信任库的 CA 之一签名的证书的任何服务器。
例如，要生成它，您可以使用标准的 Java keytool；
keytool -genkey -dname "cn=CLIENT" -alias truststorekey -keyalg RSA -keystore ./client-truststore.jks -keypass whatever -storepass whatever
keytool -import -keystore ./client-truststore.jks -file myca.crt -alias myca
使用此信任库，您的客户端将尝试与所有提供由 标识的 CA 签名的证书的服务器进行完整的 SSL 握手myca.crt。
以上文件仅供客户使用。当您还想设置服务器时，服务器需要自己的密钥和信任库文件。可以在此网站上找到为 Java 客户端和服务器（使用 Tomcat）设置完整工作示例的精彩演练。
问题/备注/提示
-Djavax.net.debug=ssl如果您对 Java SSL 调试输出不满意，它类似于但更结构化并且（可以说）更容易解释。完全可以使用 Apache httpclient 库。如果您想使用 httpclient，只需将目标 URL 替换为等效的 HTTPS 并添加以下 JVM 参数（对于任何其他客户端都是相同的，无论您要使用哪个库通过 HTTP/HTTPS 发送/接收数据） ：
-Djavax.net.debug=ssl
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=client.p12
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=whatever
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStoreType=jks
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=client-truststore.jks
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=whatever其他答案显示了如何全局配置客户端证书。但是，如果您想以编程方式为一个特定连接定义客户端密钥，而不是在 JVM 上运行的每个应用程序中全局定义它，那么您可以像这样配置自己的 SSLContext：
String keyPassphrase = "";
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("cert-key-pair.pfx"), keyPassphrase.toCharArray());
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContexts.custom()
.loadKeyMaterial(keyStore, null)
.build();
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLContext(sslContext).build();
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(new HttpGet("https://example.com"));
他们的 JKS 文件只是证书和密钥对的容器。在客户端身份验证场景中，密钥的各个部分将位于此处：
信任库和密钥库的分离不是强制性的，但建议这样做。它们可以是相同的物理文件。
要设置两个存储的文件系统位置，请使用以下系统属性：
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=clientsidestore.jks
在服务器上：
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=serversidestore.jks
要将客户端的证书（公钥）导出到文件中，以便您可以将其复制到服务器，请使用
keytool -export -alias MYKEY -file publicclientkey.cer -store clientsidestore.jks
要将客户端的公钥导入服务器的密钥库，请使用（如海报所述，这已经由服务器管理员完成）
keytool -import -file publicclientkey.cer -store serversidestore.jks
Maven pom.xml：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>some.examples</groupId>
<artifactId>sslcliauth</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>sslcliauth</name>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.4</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
Java代码：
package some.examples;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.KeyManagementException;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
import org.apache.http.ssl.SSLContexts;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.apache.http.entity.InputStreamEntity;
public class SSLCliAuthExample {
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(SSLCliAuthExample.class.getName());
private static final String CA_KEYSTORE_TYPE = KeyStore.getDefaultType(); //"JKS";
private static final String CA_KEYSTORE_PATH = "./cacert.jks";
private static final String CA_KEYSTORE_PASS = "changeit";
private static final String CLIENT_KEYSTORE_TYPE = "PKCS12";
private static final String CLIENT_KEYSTORE_PATH = "./client.p12";
private static final String CLIENT_KEYSTORE_PASS = "changeit";
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
requestTimestamp();
}
public final static void requestTimestamp() throws Exception {
SSLConnectionSocketFactory csf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(
createSslCustomContext(),
new String[]{"TLSv1"}, // Allow TLSv1 protocol only
null,
SSLConnectionSocketFactory.getDefaultHostnameVerifier());
try (CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(csf).build()) {
HttpPost req = new HttpPost("https://changeit.com/changeit");
req.setConfig(configureRequest());
HttpEntity ent = new InputStreamEntity(new FileInputStream("./bytes.bin"));
req.setEntity(ent);
try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(req)) {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "*** Reponse status: {0}", response.getStatusLine());
EntityUtils.consume(entity);
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "*** Response entity: {0}", entity.toString());
}
}
}
public static RequestConfig configureRequest() {
HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("changeit.local", 8080, "http");
RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom()
.setProxy(proxy)
.build();
return config;
}
public static SSLContext createSslCustomContext() throws KeyStoreException, IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException, KeyManagementException, UnrecoverableKeyException {
// Trusted CA keystore
KeyStore tks = KeyStore.getInstance(CA_KEYSTORE_TYPE);
tks.load(new FileInputStream(CA_KEYSTORE_PATH), CA_KEYSTORE_PASS.toCharArray());
// Client keystore
KeyStore cks = KeyStore.getInstance(CLIENT_KEYSTORE_TYPE);
cks.load(new FileInputStream(CLIENT_KEYSTORE_PATH), CLIENT_KEYSTORE_PASS.toCharArray());
SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom()
//.loadTrustMaterial(tks, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()) // use it to customize
.loadKeyMaterial(cks, CLIENT_KEYSTORE_PASS.toCharArray()) // load client certificate
.build();
return sslcontext;
}
}
给定一个包含证书和私钥的 p12 文件（例如，由 openssl 生成），以下代码将其用于特定的 HttpsURLConnection：
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("pkcs12");
keyStore.load(new FileInputStream(keyStorePath), keystorePassword.toCharArray());
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
kmf.init(keyStore, keystorePassword.toCharArray());
SSLContext ctx = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
ctx.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), null, null);
SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = ctx.getSocketFactory();
HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setSSLSocketFactory(sslSocketFactory);
初始化需要一些时间，因此SSLContext您可能需要缓存它。
对于那些只想设置双向身份验证（服务器和客户端证书）的人，这两个链接的组合将使您到达那里：
双向认证设置：
https://linuxconfig.org/apache-web-server-ssl-authentication
您不需要使用他们提到的 openssl 配置文件；只需使用
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ca.key 4096
$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
生成您自己的 CA 证书，然后通过以下方式生成并签署服务器和客户端密钥：
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 4096
$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
$ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 100 -out server.crt
和
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 4096
$ openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr
$ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 101 -out client.crt
其余的请按照链接中的步骤操作。管理 Chrome 证书的工作方式与提到的 Firefox 示例中的相同。
接下来，通过以下方式设置服务器：
请注意，您已经创建了服务器 .crt 和 .key，因此您不必再执行该步骤。
有比手动导航到 https://url 更好的方法，知道在哪个浏览器中单击哪个按钮，知道在哪里以及如何保存“证书”文件，最后知道 keytool 的魔法咒语在本地安装它.
只需这样做：
javac InstallCert.javajava InstallCert <host>[:port] [passphrase]端口和密码是可选的）这是 InstallCert 的代码，请注意标题中的年份，需要为“更高”版本的 java 修改一些部分：
/*
* Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* - Neither the name of Sun Microsystems nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import java.io.*;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.*;
import java.security.cert.*;
import javax.net.ssl.*;
public class InstallCert {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String host;
int port;
char[] passphrase;
if ((args.length == 1) || (args.length == 2)) {
String[] c = args[0].split(":");
host = c[0];
port = (c.length == 1) ? 443 : Integer.parseInt(c[1]);
String p = (args.length == 1) ? "changeit" : args[1];
passphrase = p.toCharArray();
} else {
System.out.println("Usage: java InstallCert <host>[:port] [passphrase]");
return;
}
File file = new File("jssecacerts");
if (file.isFile() == false) {
char SEP = File.separatorChar;
File dir = new File(System.getProperty("java.home") + SEP
+ "lib" + SEP + "security");
file = new File(dir, "jssecacerts");
if (file.isFile() == false) {
file = new File(dir, "cacerts");
}
}
System.out.println("Loading KeyStore " + file + "...");
InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
ks.load(in, passphrase);
in.close();
SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
TrustManagerFactory tmf =
TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
tmf.init(ks);
X509TrustManager defaultTrustManager = (X509TrustManager)tmf.getTrustManagers()[0];
SavingTrustManager tm = new SavingTrustManager(defaultTrustManager);
context.init(null, new TrustManager[] {tm}, null);
SSLSocketFactory factory = context.getSocketFactory();
System.out.println("Opening connection to " + host + ":" + port + "...");
SSLSocket socket = (SSLSocket)factory.createSocket(host, port);
socket.setSoTimeout(10000);
try {
System.out.println("Starting SSL handshake...");
socket.startHandshake();
socket.close();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("No errors, certificate is already trusted");
} catch (SSLException e) {
System.out.println();
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
X509Certificate[] chain = tm.chain;
if (chain == null) {
System.out.println("Could not obtain server certificate chain");
return;
}
BufferedReader reader =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Server sent " + chain.length + " certificate(s):");
System.out.println();
MessageDigest sha1 = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");
MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
for (int i = 0; i < chain.length; i++) {
X509Certificate cert = chain[i];
System.out.println
(" " + (i + 1) + " Subject " + cert.getSubjectDN());
System.out.println(" Issuer " + cert.getIssuerDN());
sha1.update(cert.getEncoded());
System.out.println(" sha1 " + toHexString(sha1.digest()));
md5.update(cert.getEncoded());
System.out.println(" md5 " + toHexString(md5.digest()));
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("Enter certificate to add to trusted keystore or 'q' to quit: [1]");
String line = reader.readLine().trim();
int k;
try {
k = (line.length() == 0) ? 0 : Integer.parseInt(line) - 1;
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("KeyStore not changed");
return;
}
X509Certificate cert = chain[k];
String alias = host + "-" + (k + 1);
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("jssecacerts");
ks.store(out, passphrase);
out.close();
System.out.println();
System.out.println(cert);
System.out.println();
System.out.println
("Added certificate to keystore 'jssecacerts' using alias '"
+ alias + "'");
}
private static final char[] HEXDIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
private static String toHexString(byte[] bytes) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(bytes.length * 3);
for (int b : bytes) {
b &= 0xff;
sb.append(HEXDIGITS[b >> 4]);
sb.append(HEXDIGITS[b & 15]);
sb.append(' ');
}
return sb.toString();
}
private static class SavingTrustManager implements X509TrustManager {
private final X509TrustManager tm;
private X509Certificate[] chain;
SavingTrustManager(X509TrustManager tm) {
this.tm = tm;
}
public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
throws CertificateException {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
throws CertificateException {
this.chain = chain;
tm.checkServerTrusted(chain, authType);
}
}
}
我已经通过 Spring Boot 使用双向 SSL（客户端和服务器证书）连接到银行。所以在这里描述我的所有步骤，希望它可以帮助某人（最简单的工作解决方案，我发现）：
生成私钥：
openssl genrsa -des3 -passout pass:MY_PASSWORD -out user.key 2048
生成证书请求：
openssl req -new -key user.key -out user.csr -passin pass:MY_PASSWORD
保留user.key（和密码）并将证书请求发送到银行
收到 2 个证书：我的客户根证书user.pem和银行根证书：bank.crt
创建 Java 密钥库（输入密钥密码并设置密钥库密码）：
openssl pkcs12 -export -in user.pem -inkey user.key -out keystore.p12 -name clientId -CAfile ca.crt -caname root
不要注意输出：unable to write 'random state'. Java PKCS12keystore.p12创建。
添加到密钥库bank.crt（为简单起见，我使用了一个密钥库）：
keytool -import -alias bankca -file bank.crt -keystore keystore.p12 -storepass MY_PASS
通过以下方式检查密钥库证书：
keytool -list -keystore keystore.p12
准备好使用 Java 代码:) 我使用RestTemplate了带有添加org.apache.httpcomponents.httpcore依赖项的 Spring Boot：
@Bean("sslRestTemplate")
public RestTemplate sslRestTemplate() throws Exception {
char[] storePassword = appProperties.getSslStorePassword().toCharArray();
URL keyStore = new URL(appProperties.getSslStore());
SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder()
.loadTrustMaterial(keyStore, storePassword)
// use storePassword twice (with key password do not work)!!
.loadKeyMaterial(keyStore, storePassword, storePassword)
.build();
// Solve "Certificate doesn't match any of the subject alternative names"
SSLConnectionSocketFactory socketFactory = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext, NoopHostnameVerifier.INSTANCE);
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(socketFactory).build();
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory factory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(client);
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(factory);
// restTemplate.setMessageConverters(List.of(new Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter()));
return restTemplate;
}
我认为这里的修复是密钥库类型，pkcs12(pfx) 总是有私钥，而 JKS 类型可以在没有私钥的情况下存在。除非您在代码中指定或通过浏览器选择证书，否则服务器无法知道它代表另一端的客户端。