91

是否可以以简单的方式将文档字符串添加到命名元组?

我试过

from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])
"""
A point in 2D space
"""

# Yet another test

"""
A(nother) point in 2D space
"""
Point2 = namedtuple("Point2", ["x", "y"])

print Point.__doc__ # -> "Point(x, y)"
print Point2.__doc__ # -> "Point2(x, y)"

但这并没有削减它。是否有可能以其他方式进行?

4

10 回答 10

74

在 Python 3 中,不需要包装器,因为__doc__类型的属性是可写的。

from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
Point.__doc__ = '''\
A 2-dimensional coordinate

x - the abscissa
y - the ordinate'''

这与标准的类定义密切相关,其中文档字符串跟在标题后面。

class Point():
    '''A 2-dimensional coordinate

    x - the abscissa
    y - the ordinate'''
    <class code>

这在 Python 2 中不起作用。

AttributeError: attribute '__doc__' of 'type' objects is not writable.

于 2013-12-04T23:43:06.297 回答
66

通过谷歌遇到这个老问题,同时想知道同样的事情。

只是想指出,您可以通过在类声明中直接调用 namedtuple() 来进一步整理它:

from collections import namedtuple

class Point(namedtuple('Point', 'x y')):
    """Here is the docstring."""
于 2013-03-27T19:30:28.017 回答
55

您可以通过围绕返回的值创建一个简单的空包装类来实现此目的namedtuple。我创建的文件的内容(nt.py):

from collections import namedtuple

Point_ = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])

class Point(Point_):
    """ A point in 2d space """
    pass

然后在 Python REPL 中:

>>> print nt.Point.__doc__
 A point in 2d space 

或者你可以这样做:

>>> help(nt.Point)  # which outputs...
关于模块 nt 中类 Point 的帮助:

类点(点)
 | 二维空间中的一个点
 |  
 | 方法解析顺序:
 | 观点
 | 观点
 | __builtin__.tuple
 | __builtin__.object
 ...

如果您不喜欢每次都手动执行此操作,那么编写一种工厂函数来执行此操作很简单:

def NamedTupleWithDocstring(docstring, *ntargs):
    nt = namedtuple(*ntargs)
    class NT(nt):
        __doc__ = docstring
    return NT

Point3D = NamedTupleWithDocstring("A point in 3d space", "Point3d", ["x", "y", "z"])

p3 = Point3D(1,2,3)

print p3.__doc__

输出:

A point in 3d space
于 2009-10-22T11:03:35.707 回答
40

是否可以以简单的方式将文档字符串添加到命名元组?

是的,在几个方面。

子类 typing.NamedTuple - Python 3.6+

从 Python 3.6 开始,我们可以直接使用带有文档字符串(和注释!)的class定义:typing.NamedTuple

from typing import NamedTuple

class Card(NamedTuple):
    """This is a card type."""
    suit: str
    rank: str

与 Python 2 相比,__slots__不需要声明为空。在 Python 3.8 中,即使是子类也没有必要。

请注意,声明__slots__不能为非空!

在 Python 3 中,您还可以轻松地更改命名元组上的文档:

NT = collections.namedtuple('NT', 'foo bar')

NT.__doc__ = """:param str foo: foo name
:param list bar: List of bars to bar"""

当我们向他们寻求帮助时,这使我们能够查看他们的意图:

Help on class NT in module __main__:

class NT(builtins.tuple)
 |  :param str foo: foo name
 |  :param list bar: List of bars to bar
...

与我们在 Python 2 中完成同样事情的困难相比,这真的很简单。

蟒蛇2

在 Python 2 中,您需要

  • 子类命名元组,和
  • 宣布__slots__ == ()

声明__slots__这里其他答案错过的重要部分

如果您不声明__slots__- 您可以向实例添加可变的临时属性,从而引入错误。

class Foo(namedtuple('Foo', 'bar')):
    """no __slots__ = ()!!!"""

现在:

>>> f = Foo('bar')
>>> f.bar
'bar'
>>> f.baz = 'what?'
>>> f.__dict__
{'baz': 'what?'}

__dict__每个实例在被访问时都会创建一个单独的实例__dict__(缺少__slots__不会影响功能,但元组的轻量性、不变性和声明的属性都是命名元组的重要特性)。

__repr__如果您希望在命令行上回显的内容为您提供等效对象,您还需要一个,:

NTBase = collections.namedtuple('NTBase', 'foo bar')

class NT(NTBase):
    """
    Individual foo bar, a namedtuple

    :param str foo: foo name
    :param list bar: List of bars to bar
    """
    __slots__ = ()

__repr__如果您创建具有不同名称的基本命名元组(就像我们在上面使用名称字符串参数所做的那样),则需要这样'NTBase'

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'NT(foo={0}, bar={1})'.format(
                repr(self.foo), repr(self.bar))

要测试 repr,实例化,然后测试传递的相等性eval(repr(instance))

nt = NT('foo', 'bar')
assert eval(repr(nt)) == nt

文档中的示例

文档也给出了这样一个例子,关于__slots__- 我正在向它添加我自己的文档字符串:

class Point(namedtuple('Point', 'x y')):
    """Docstring added here, not in original"""
    __slots__ = ()
    @property
    def hypot(self):
        return (self.x ** 2 + self.y ** 2) ** 0.5
    def __str__(self):
        return 'Point: x=%6.3f  y=%6.3f  hypot=%6.3f' % (self.x, self.y, self.hypot)

...

上面显示的子类设置__slots__为一个空元组。这有助于通过防止创建实例字典来保持较低的内存需求。

这演示了就地使用(就像这里的另一个答案所建议的那样),但请注意,如果您正在调试,当您查看方法解析顺序时,就地使用可能会变得混乱,这就是我最初建议使用Base作为后缀的原因对于基础命名元组:

>>> Point.mro()
[<class '__main__.Point'>, <class '__main__.Point'>, <type 'tuple'>, <type 'object'>]
                # ^^^^^---------------------^^^^^-- same names!        

__dict__为了防止从使用它的类创建when 子类,您还必须在子类中声明它。有关使用的更多注意事项,另请参阅此答案__slots__

于 2015-02-17T18:19:22.063 回答
7

从 Python 3.5 开始,namedtuple可以更新对象的文档字符串。

最新消息

Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
Point.__doc__ += ': Cartesian coodinate'
Point.x.__doc__ = 'abscissa'
Point.y.__doc__ = 'ordinate'
于 2016-09-04T19:20:42.343 回答
4

在 Python 3.6+ 中,您可以使用:

class Point(NamedTuple):
    """
    A point in 2D space
    """
    x: float
    y: float
于 2018-03-07T13:40:12.467 回答
3

无需按照接受的答案的建议使用包装类。只需从字面上添加一个文档字符串:

from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])
Point.__doc__="A point in 2D space"

这导致:(使用示例ipython3):

In [1]: Point?
Type:       type
String Form:<class '__main__.Point'>
Docstring:  A point in 2D space

In [2]: 

瞧!

于 2014-09-24T12:48:47.200 回答
1

您可以通过 Raymond Hettinger 编写您自己的namedtuple 工厂函数版本并添加一个可选docstring参数。然而,使用与配方中相同的基本技术来定义您自己的工厂函数会更容易 - 并且可以说更好。无论哪种方式,您最终都会得到可重用的东西。

from collections import namedtuple

def my_namedtuple(typename, field_names, verbose=False,
                 rename=False, docstring=''):
    '''Returns a new subclass of namedtuple with the supplied
       docstring appended to the default one.

    >>> Point = my_namedtuple('Point', 'x, y', docstring='A point in 2D space')
    >>> print Point.__doc__
    Point(x, y):  A point in 2D space
    '''
    # create a base class and concatenate its docstring and the one passed
    _base = namedtuple(typename, field_names, verbose, rename)
    _docstring = ''.join([_base.__doc__, ':  ', docstring])

    # fill in template to create a no-op subclass with the combined docstring
    template = '''class subclass(_base):
        %(_docstring)r
        pass\n''' % locals()

    # execute code string in a temporary namespace
    namespace = dict(_base=_base, _docstring=_docstring)
    try:
        exec template in namespace
    except SyntaxError, e:
        raise SyntaxError(e.message + ':\n' + template)

    return namespace['subclass']  # subclass object created
于 2010-07-28T04:23:11.637 回答
0

我创建了这个函数来快速创建一个命名元组并记录元组及其每个参数:

from collections import namedtuple


def named_tuple(name, description='', **kwargs):
    """
    A named tuple with docstring documentation of each of its parameters
    :param str name: The named tuple's name
    :param str description: The named tuple's description
    :param kwargs: This named tuple's parameters' data with two different ways to describe said parameters. Format:
        <pre>{
            str: ( # The parameter's name
                str, # The parameter's type
                str # The parameter's description
            ),
            str: str, # The parameter's name: the parameter's description
            ... # Any other parameters
        }</pre>
    :return: collections.namedtuple
    """
    parameter_names = list(kwargs.keys())

    result = namedtuple(name, ' '.join(parameter_names))

    # If there are any parameters provided (such that this is not an empty named tuple)
    if len(parameter_names):
        # Add line spacing before describing this named tuple's parameters
        if description is not '':
            description += "\n"

        # Go through each parameter provided and add it to the named tuple's docstring description
        for parameter_name in parameter_names:
            parameter_data = kwargs[parameter_name]

            # Determine whether parameter type is included along with the description or
            # if only a description was provided
            parameter_type = ''
            if isinstance(parameter_data, str):
                parameter_description = parameter_data
            else:
                parameter_type, parameter_description = parameter_data

            description += "\n:param {type}{name}: {description}".format(
                type=parameter_type + ' ' if parameter_type else '',
                name=parameter_name,
                description=parameter_description
            )

            # Change the docstring specific to this parameter
            getattr(result, parameter_name).__doc__ = parameter_description

    # Set the docstring description for the resulting named tuple
    result.__doc__ = description

    return result

然后,您可以创建一个新的命名元组:

MyTuple = named_tuple(
    "MyTuple",
    "My named tuple for x,y coordinates",
    x="The x value",
    y="The y value"
)

然后用您自己的数据实例化描述的命名元组,即。

t = MyTuple(4, 8)
print(t) # prints: MyTuple(x=4, y=8)

help(MyTuple)通过 python3 命令行执行时显示如下:

Help on class MyTuple:

class MyTuple(builtins.tuple)
 |  MyTuple(x, y)
 |
 |  My named tuple for x,y coordinates
 |
 |  :param x: The x value
 |  :param y: The y value
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      MyTuple
 |      builtins.tuple
 |      builtins.object
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __getnewargs__(self)
 |      Return self as a plain tuple.  Used by copy and pickle.
 |
 |  __repr__(self)
 |      Return a nicely formatted representation string
 |
 |  _asdict(self)
 |      Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values.
 |
 |  _replace(_self, **kwds)
 |      Return a new MyTuple object replacing specified fields with new values
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  _make(iterable) from builtins.type
 |      Make a new MyTuple object from a sequence or iterable
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(_cls, x, y)
 |      Create new instance of MyTuple(x, y)
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  x
 |      The x value
 |
 |  y
 |      The y value
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  _fields = ('x', 'y')
 |  
 |  _fields_defaults = {}
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from builtins.tuple:
 |  
 |  __add__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self+value.
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      Return key in self.
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Return self[key].
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __hash__(self, /)
 |      Return hash(self).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __mul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self*value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __rmul__(self, value, /)
 |      Return value*self.
 |  
 |  count(self, value, /)
 |      Return number of occurrences of value.
 |  
 |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)
 |      Return first index of value.
 |      
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

或者,您还可以通过以下方式指定参数的类型:

MyTuple = named_tuple(
    "MyTuple",
    "My named tuple for x,y coordinates",
    x=("int", "The x value"),
    y=("int", "The y value")
)
于 2019-01-07T19:21:54.173 回答
-2

不,您只能将文档字符串添加到模块、类和函数(包括方法)

于 2009-10-22T10:58:34.143 回答