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我正在尝试学习人工智能以及如何在程序中实现它。最容易开始的地方可能是简单的游戏(在本例中为井字游戏)和游戏搜索树(递归调用;不是实际的数据结构)。在有关该主题的讲座中发现了这个非常有用的视频。

我遇到的问题是对算法的第一次调用需要很长时间(大约 15 秒)才能执行。我已经在整个代码中放置了调试日志输出,似乎它调用了算法的某些部分的次数过多。

以下是为计算机选择最佳移动的方法:

    public Best chooseMove(boolean side, int prevScore, int alpha, int beta){
    Best myBest = new Best(); 
    Best reply;

    if (prevScore == COMPUTER_WIN || prevScore == HUMAN_WIN || prevScore == DRAW){
        myBest.score = prevScore;
        return myBest;
    }

    if (side == COMPUTER){
        myBest.score = alpha;
    }else{
        myBest.score = beta;
    }
    Log.d(TAG, "Alpha: " + alpha + " Beta: " + beta + " prevScore: " + prevScore);
    Move[] moveList = myBest.move.getAllLegalMoves(board);
    for (Move m : moveList){
        String choice;
        if (side == HUMAN){
            choice = playerChoice;
        }else if (side == COMPUTER && playerChoice.equals("X")){
            choice = "O";
        }else{
            choice = "X";
        }
        Log.d(TAG, "Current Move: column- " + m.getColumn() + " row- " + m.getRow());
        int p = makeMove(m, choice, side);
        reply = chooseMove(!side, p, alpha, beta);
        undoMove(m);
        if ((side == COMPUTER) && (reply.score > myBest.score)){
            myBest.move = m;
            myBest.score = reply.score;
            alpha = reply.score;
        }else if((side == HUMAN) && (reply.score < myBest.score)){
            myBest.move = m;
            myBest.score = reply.score;
            beta = reply.score;
        }//end of if-else statement
        if (alpha >= beta) return myBest;
    }//end of for loop
    return myBest;
}

makeMove如果该点为空并返回一个值(-1 - 人类获胜,0 - 平局,1 - 计算机获胜,-2 或 2 - 否则),则该方法进行移动。虽然我相信错误可能出在getAllLegalMoves方法中:

    public Move[] getAllLegalMoves(String[][] grid){
    //I'm unsure whether this method really belongs in this class or in the grid class, though, either way it shouldn't matter.
    items = 0;
    moveList = null;
    Move move = new Move();

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
        for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++){
            Log.d(TAG, "At Column: " + i + " At Row: " + j);
            if(grid[i][j] == null || grid[i][j].equals("")){
                Log.d(TAG, "Is Empty");
                items++;
                if(moveList == null || moveList.length < items){
                    resize();
                }//end of second if statement
                move.setRow(j);
                move.setColumn(i);
                moveList[items - 1] = move;
            }//end of first if statement
        }//end of second loop
    }//end of first loop
    for (int k = 0; k < moveList.length; k++){
        Log.d(TAG, "Count: " + k + " Column: " + moveList[k].getColumn() + " Row: " + moveList[k].getRow());
    }
    return moveList;
}

private void resize(){
    Move[] b = new Move[items];
    for (int i = 0; i < items - 1; i++){
        b[i] = moveList[i];
    }
    moveList = b;
}

总而言之:是什么导致我的电话,选择最好的举动,花了这么长时间?我错过了什么?有没有更简单的方法来实现这个算法?任何帮助或建议将不胜感激,谢谢!

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2 回答 2

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带有 alpha beta 剪枝的极小极大树应该被可视化为一棵树,树的每个节点都是一个可能的移动,许多轮到未来,它的子节点是可以从中获取的所有移动。

为了尽可能快并保证您只需要与您向前看的移动次数线性空间,您进行深度优先搜索并从一侧“扫描”到另一侧。例如,如果您想象要构建整个树,那么您的程序实际上一次只会构建一个从引导到根的单链,并丢弃它完成的任何部分。

我现在只是要复制维基百科的伪代码,因为它非常非常简洁明了:

function alphabeta(node, depth, α, β, Player)         
    if  depth = 0 or node is a terminal node
        return score
    if  Player = MaxPlayer
        for each child of node
            α := max(α, alphabeta(child, depth-1, α, β, not(Player) ))     
            if β ≤ α
                break                             (* Beta cut-off *)
        return α
    else
        for each child of node
            β := min(β, alphabeta(child, depth-1, α, β, not(Player) ))     
            if β ≤ α
                break                             (* Alpha cut-off *)
        return β

笔记:

-'for each child of node' - 与其编辑当前棋盘的状态,不如创建一个全新的棋盘,它是应用移动的结果。通过使用不可变对象,您的代码将不太容易出现错误,并且通常可以更快地进行推理。

-要使用此方法,请为您可以从当前状态进行的每一个可能的移动调用它,给它深度 -1,-Infinity 为 alpha,+Infinity 为 beta,并且它应该从轮到不动的玩家开始在这些调用中 - 返回最高值的调用是最好的调用。

这在概念上非常简单。如果你编码正确,那么你永远不会一次实例化超过(深度)板,你永远不会考虑无意义的分支等等。

于 2013-03-25T23:53:01.297 回答
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我不会为你分析你的代码,但由于这是一个很好的编码 kata,我为井字游戏写了一个小 ai:

import java.math.BigDecimal;

public class Board {

    /**
     * -1: opponent
     * 0: empty
     * 1: player
     */
    int[][] cells = new int[3][3];

    /**
     * the best move calculated by eval(), or -1 if no more moves are possible
     */
    int bestX, bestY;

    int winner() {
        // row
        for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
            if (cells[0][y] == cells[1][y] && cells[1][y] == cells[2][y]) {
                if (cells[0][y] != 0) {
                    return cells[0][y];
                }
            }
        }

        // column
        for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
            if (cells[x][0] == cells[x][1] && cells[x][1] == cells[x][2]) {
                if (cells[x][0] != 0) {
                    return cells[x][0];
                }
            }
        }

        // 1st diagonal
        if (cells[0][0] == cells[1][1] && cells[1][1] == cells[2][2]) {
            if (cells[0][0] != 0) {
                return cells[0][0];
            }
        }

        // 2nd diagonal
        if (cells[2][0] == cells[1][1] && cells[1][1] == cells[0][2]) {
            if (cells[2][0] != 0) {
                return cells[2][0];
            }
        }

        return 0; // nobody has won
    }

    /**
     * @return 1 if side wins, 0 for a draw, -1 if opponent wins
     */
    int eval(int side) {
        int winner = winner();
        if (winner != 0) {
            return side * winner;
        } else {
            int bestX = -1;
            int bestY = -1;
            int bestValue = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        loop:
            for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
                for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
                    if (cells[x][y] == 0) {
                        cells[x][y] = side;
                        int value = -eval(-side);
                        cells[x][y] = 0;

                        if (value > bestValue) {
                            bestValue = value;
                            bestX = x;
                            bestY = y;
                            if (bestValue == 1) {
                                // it won't get any better, we might as well stop thinking
                                break loop;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            this.bestX = bestX;
            this.bestY = bestY;
            if (bestValue == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                // there were no moves left, it must be a draw!
                return 0;
            } else {
                return bestValue;
            }
        }
    }

    void move(int side) {
        eval(side);
        if (bestX == -1) {
            return;
        }
        cells[bestX][bestY] = side;
        System.out.println(this);

        int w = winner();
        if (w != 0) {
            System.out.println("Game over!");
        } else {
            move(-side);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        char[] c = {'O', ' ', 'X'};
        for (int y = 0; y < 3; y++) {
            for (int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
                sb.append(c[cells[x][y] + 1]);
            }
            sb.append('\n');
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long start = System.nanoTime();
        Board b = new Board();
        b.move(1);
        long end = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println(new BigDecimal(end - start).movePointLeft(9));
    }
}

精明的读者会注意到我不使用 alpha/beta 截止值。尽管如此,在我有点过时的笔记本上,这在 0.015 秒内完成了一场比赛......

没有分析你的代码,我不能确定问题是什么。但是,您在搜索树的每个节点上记录每个可能的移动可能与它有关。

于 2013-03-26T01:06:50.690 回答