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我正在使用 x86 指令集编写程序。为什么当我使用存储在大小为 40kb 的堆栈中的本地数组时它会崩溃。

我使用带有 i5 处理器的 windows7 操作系统并在 Visual C++ Express Edition 2008 中编译

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1 回答 1

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我认为您正在以保护页面的形式抓住重点。

为了在实际使用之前不浪费实际内存,Windows 最初保留完整的堆栈空间(默认为 1MB;可以通过编辑 PE 标头进行更改)但只提交两页,并将第二页设为保护页。保护页是一个内存页 (4KB),它在任何访问它时都会触发一个特殊异常 (STATUS_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION)。当内核检测到保护页异常时,它会提交被触及的页面并在其后添加另一个保护页。这样,如果您的函数将小变量推送到堆栈上,它会“自行”不断增长。

但是,如果您尝试分配大小超过 4K(4096 字节)的局部变量,则会出现问题。通常,堆栈分配是通过简单地从 ESP 中减去来完成的。如果您从中减去超过 4K 的内容,然后尝试写入堆栈,则您可能会跳过保护页并在其后访问保留的内存。这不会被内核捕获,但会传递给您的程序,通常会导致崩溃。

解决方案很简单 - 以 4K(=4096=0x1000 字节)的块进行堆栈分配,并在每个块之后触摸堆栈以触发保护页面。MSVC 编译器通过__chkstk()在使用超过 4K 局部变量的函数的开头调用函数来自动执行此操作。这是来自 CRT 源的函数列表:

;***
;_chkstk - check stack upon procedure entry
;
;Purpose:
;       Provide stack checking on procedure entry. Method is to simply probe
;       each page of memory required for the stack in descending order. This
;       causes the necessary pages of memory to be allocated via the guard
;       page scheme, if possible. In the event of failure, the OS raises the
;       _XCPT_UNABLE_TO_GROW_STACK exception.
;
;       NOTE:  Currently, the (EAX < _PAGESIZE_) code path falls through
;       to the "lastpage" label of the (EAX >= _PAGESIZE_) code path.  This
;       is small; a minor speed optimization would be to special case
;       this up top.  This would avoid the painful save/restore of
;       ecx and would shorten the code path by 4-6 instructions.
;
;Entry:
;       EAX = size of local frame
;
;Exit:
;       ESP = new stackframe, if successful
;
;Uses:
;       EAX
;
;Exceptions:
;       _XCPT_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION - May be raised on a page probe. NEVER TRAP
;                                    THIS!!!! It is used by the OS to grow the
;                                    stack on demand.
;       _XCPT_UNABLE_TO_GROW_STACK - The stack cannot be grown. More precisely,
;                                    the attempt by the OS memory manager to
;                                    allocate another guard page in response
;                                    to a _XCPT_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION has
;                                    failed.
;
;*******************************************************************************

public  _alloca_probe

_chkstk proc

_alloca_probe    =  _chkstk

        push    ecx

; Calculate new TOS.

        lea     ecx, [esp] + 8 - 4      ; TOS before entering function + size for ret value
        sub     ecx, eax                ; new TOS

; Handle allocation size that results in wraparound.
; Wraparound will result in StackOverflow exception.

        sbb     eax, eax                ; 0 if CF==0, ~0 if CF==1
        not     eax                     ; ~0 if TOS did not wrapped around, 0 otherwise
        and     ecx, eax                ; set to 0 if wraparound

        mov     eax, esp                ; current TOS
        and     eax, not ( _PAGESIZE_ - 1) ; Round down to current page boundary

cs10:
        cmp     ecx, eax                ; Is new TOS
        jb      short cs20              ; in probed page?
        mov     eax, ecx                ; yes.
        pop     ecx
        xchg    esp, eax                ; update esp
        mov     eax, dword ptr [eax]    ; get return address
        mov     dword ptr [esp], eax    ; and put it at new TOS
        ret

; Find next lower page and probe
cs20:
        sub     eax, _PAGESIZE_         ; decrease by PAGESIZE
        test    dword ptr [eax],eax     ; probe page.
        jmp     short cs10

_chkstk endp

在您的情况下,您可能不需要这种复杂的逻辑,这样的事情会做:

    xor eax, eax
    mov ecx, 40     ; alloc 40 pages
l1:
    sub esp, 1000h  ; move esp one page
    mov [esp], eax  ; touch the guard page
    loop l1         ; keep looping
    sub esp, xxxh   ; alloc the remaining variables

有关堆栈和保护页的更多详细信息,请参见此处

于 2013-03-11T10:52:57.687 回答