以下打印语句将打印“hello world”。谁能解释一下？
System.out.println(randomString(-229985452) + " " + randomString(-147909649));
randomString()看起来像这样：
public static String randomString(int i)
{
Random ran = new Random(i);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (true)
{
int k = ran.nextInt(27);
if (k == 0)
break;
sb.append((char)('`' + k));
}
return sb.toString();
}
其他答案解释了原因，但这里是如何。
给定一个实例Random：
Random r = new Random(-229985452)
生成的前 6 个数字r.nextInt(27)是：
8
5
12
12
15
0
r.nextInt(27)生成给定的前 6 个数字Random r = new Random(-147909649)是：
23
15
18
12
4
0
然后只需将这些数字添加到字符的整数表示形式`（即 96）中：
8 + 96 = 104 --> h
5 + 96 = 101 --> e
12 + 96 = 108 --> l
12 + 96 = 108 --> l
15 + 96 = 111 --> o
23 + 96 = 119 --> w
15 + 96 = 111 --> o
18 + 96 = 114 --> r
12 + 96 = 108 --> l
4 + 96 = 100 --> d
当java.util.Random使用特定种子参数（在本例中为-229985452或-147909649）构造 的实例时，它遵循从该种子值开始的随机数生成算法。
每个Random使用相同种子构造的每个都将每次生成相同的数字模式。
我就把它留在这里。谁有很多（CPU）时间空闲，请随意尝试：）另外，如果您掌握了一些 fork-join-fu 让这个东西烧掉所有 CPU 内核（只是线程很无聊，对吧？），请分享你的代码。我将不胜感激。
public static void main(String[] args) {
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
generate("stack");
generate("over");
generate("flow");
generate("rulez");
System.out.println("Took " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) + " ms");
}
private static void generate(String goal) {
long[] seed = generateSeed(goal, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE);
System.out.println(seed[0]);
System.out.println(randomString(seed[0], (char) seed[1]));
}
public static long[] generateSeed(String goal, long start, long finish) {
char[] input = goal.toCharArray();
char[] pool = new char[input.length];
label:
for (long seed = start; seed < finish; seed++) {
Random random = new Random(seed);
for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++)
pool[i] = (char) random.nextInt(27);
if (random.nextInt(27) == 0) {
int base = input[0] - pool[0];
for (int i = 1; i < input.length; i++) {
if (input[i] - pool[i] != base)
continue label;
}
return new long[]{seed, base};
}
}
throw new NoSuchElementException("Sorry :/");
}
public static String randomString(long i, char base) {
System.out.println("Using base: '" + base + "'");
Random ran = new Random(i);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int n = 0; ; n++) {
int k = ran.nextInt(27);
if (k == 0)
break;
sb.append((char) (base + k));
}
return sb.toString();
}
输出：
-9223372036808280701
Using base: 'Z'
stack
-9223372036853943469
Using base: 'b'
over
-9223372036852834412
Using base: 'e'
flow
-9223372036838149518
Using base: 'd'
rulez
Took 7087 ms
我写了一个快速程序来找到这些种子：
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class RandomWords {
public static void main (String[] args) {
Set<String> wordSet = new HashSet<String>();
String fileName = (args.length > 0 ? args[0] : "/usr/share/dict/words");
readWordMap(wordSet, fileName);
System.err.println(wordSet.size() + " words read.");
findRandomWords(wordSet);
}
private static void readWordMap (Set<String> wordSet, String fileName) {
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName));
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
line = line.trim().toLowerCase();
if (isLowerAlpha(line)) wordSet.add(line);
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Error reading from " + fileName + ": " + e);
}
}
private static boolean isLowerAlpha (String word) {
char[] c = word.toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
if (c[i] < 'a' || c[i] > 'z') return false;
}
return true;
}
private static void findRandomWords (Set<String> wordSet) {
char[] c = new char[256];
Random r = new Random();
for (long seed0 = 0; seed0 >= 0; seed0++) {
for (int sign = -1; sign <= 1; sign += 2) {
long seed = seed0 * sign;
r.setSeed(seed);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
int n = r.nextInt(27);
if (n == 0) break;
c[i] = (char)((int)'a' + n - 1);
}
String s = new String(c, 0, i);
if (wordSet.contains(s)) {
System.out.println(s + ": " + seed);
wordSet.remove(s);
}
}
}
}
}
我现在让它在后台运行，但它已经为经典的 pangram 找到了足够的单词：
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
public class RandomWordsTest {
public static void main (String[] args) {
long[] a = {-73, -157512326, -112386651, 71425, -104434815,
-128911, -88019, -7691161, 1115727};
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
Random r = new Random(a[i]);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
int n;
while ((n = r.nextInt(27)) > 0) sb.append((char)('`' + n));
System.out.println(sb);
}
}
}
附言。-727295876, -128911, -1611659, -235516779.
I was intrigued by this, I ran this random word generator on a dictionary word list. Range: Integer.MIN_VALUE to Integer.MAX_VALUE
I got 15131 hits.
int[] arrInt = {-2146926310, -1885533740, -274140519,
-2145247212, -1845077092, -2143584283,
-2147483454, -2138225126, -2147375969};
for(int seed : arrInt){
System.out.print(randomString(seed) + " ");
}
Prints
the quick browny fox jumps over a lazy dog
Most random number generators are, in fact, "pseudo random." They are Linear Congruential Generators, or LCGs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_congruential_generator)
LCGs are quite predictable given a fixed seed. Basically, use a seed that gives you your first letter, then write an app that continues to generate the next int (char) until you hit the next letter in your target string and write down how many times you had to invoke the LCG. Continue until you've generated each and every letter.
As multi-threading is very easy with Java, here is a variant that searches for a seed using all cores available: http://ideone.com/ROhmTA
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
public class SeedFinder {
static class SearchTask implements Callable<Long> {
private final char[] goal;
private final long start, step;
public SearchTask(final String goal, final long offset, final long step) {
final char[] goalAsArray = goal.toCharArray();
this.goal = new char[goalAsArray.length + 1];
System.arraycopy(goalAsArray, 0, this.goal, 0, goalAsArray.length);
this.start = Long.MIN_VALUE + offset;
this.step = step;
}
@Override
public Long call() throws Exception {
final long LIMIT = Long.MAX_VALUE - this.step;
final Random random = new Random();
int position, rnd;
long seed = this.start;
while ((Thread.interrupted() == false) && (seed < LIMIT)) {
random.setSeed(seed);
position = 0;
rnd = random.nextInt(27);
while (((rnd == 0) && (this.goal[position] == 0))
|| ((char) ('`' + rnd) == this.goal[position])) {
++position;
if (position == this.goal.length) {
return seed;
}
rnd = random.nextInt(27);
}
seed += this.step;
}
throw new Exception("No match found");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final String GOAL = "hello".toLowerCase();
final int NUM_CORES = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
final ArrayList<SearchTask> tasks = new ArrayList<>(NUM_CORES);
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CORES; ++i) {
tasks.add(new SearchTask(GOAL, i, NUM_CORES));
}
final ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NUM_CORES, new ThreadFactory() {
@Override
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
final Thread result = new Thread(r);
result.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); // make sure we do not block more important tasks
result.setDaemon(false);
return result;
}
});
try {
final Long result = executor.invokeAny(tasks);
System.out.println("Seed for \"" + GOAL + "\" found: " + result);
} catch (Exception ex) {
System.err.println("Calculation failed: " + ex);
} finally {
executor.shutdownNow();
}
}
}
随机总是返回相同的序列。它用于将数组和其他操作作为排列进行混洗。
为了获得不同的序列，有必要在某个位置初始化序列，称为“种子”。
randomSting 获取“随机”序列的第 i 个位置（种子 = -229985452）的随机数。然后将ASCII码用于种子位置之后的序列中的下一个 27 个字符，直到该值等于 0。这将返回“hello”。对“世界”进行相同的操作。
我认为该代码不适用于其他任何单词。编程的人非常了解随机序列。
这是非常棒的极客代码！
The principal is the Random Class constructed with the same seed will generate the same pattern of numbers every time.
Derived from Denis Tulskiy's answer, this method generates the seed.
public static long generateSeed(String goal, long start, long finish) {
char[] input = goal.toCharArray();
char[] pool = new char[input.length];
label:
for (long seed = start; seed < finish; seed++) {
Random random = new Random(seed);
for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++)
pool[i] = (char) (random.nextInt(27)+'`');
if (random.nextInt(27) == 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
if (input[i] != pool[i])
continue label;
}
return seed;
}
}
throw new NoSuchElementException("Sorry :/");
}
From the Java docs, this is an intentional feature when specifying a seed value for the Random class.
If two instances of Random are created with the same seed, and the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they will generate and return identical sequences of numbers. In order to guarantee this property, particular algorithms are specified for the class Random. Java implementations must use all the algorithms shown here for the class Random, for the sake of absolute portability of Java code.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/api/java/util/Random.html
Odd though, you would think there are implicit security issues in having predictable 'random' numbers.
It is about "seed". Same seeds give the same result.
Here is a minor improvement for Denis Tulskiy answer. It cuts the time by half
public static long[] generateSeed(String goal, long start, long finish) {
char[] input = goal.toCharArray();
int[] dif = new int[input.length - 1];
for (int i = 1; i < input.length; i++) {
dif[i - 1] = input[i] - input[i - 1];
}
mainLoop:
for (long seed = start; seed < finish; seed++) {
Random random = new Random(seed);
int lastChar = random.nextInt(27);
int base = input[0] - lastChar;
for (int d : dif) {
int nextChar = random.nextInt(27);
if (nextChar - lastChar != d) {
continue mainLoop;
}
lastChar = nextChar;
}
if(random.nextInt(27) == 0){
return new long[]{seed, base};
}
}
throw new NoSuchElementException("Sorry :/");
}
It's all about the input seed. Same seed give the same results all the time. Even you re-run your program again and again it's the same output.
public static void main(String[] args) {
randomString(-229985452);
System.out.println("------------");
randomString(-229985452);
}
private static void randomString(int i) {
Random ran = new Random(i);
System.out.println(ran.nextInt());
System.out.println(ran.nextInt());
System.out.println(ran.nextInt());
System.out.println(ran.nextInt());
System.out.println(ran.nextInt());
}
Output
-755142161
-1073255141
-369383326
1592674620
-1524828502
------------
-755142161
-1073255141
-369383326
1592674620
-1524828502