我正在libeay32.dll用 Python 为 OpenSLL 编写小型包装器。对于大多数功能，可以按如下方式导入它们：
self.Function_Name = self._dll.Function_Name
self.Function_Name.restype = ctypes.c_int #for example
self.Function_Name.argtypes = [list of ctypes arguments]
不幸的是，我无法以这种方式导入任何宏：
X509_get_notAfter等X509_get_notBefore。
任何想法，如何做到这一点ctypes？
您不能导入宏。您要导入的是来自 DLL 的函数。宏不是从 DLL 中导出的，所以没有什么要导入的。
幸运的是，大多数宏都非常简单，因此您可以在 Python 中重新实现它们。
或者，在 C 中创建一个包装 DLL，为每个宏定义一个函数，编译并链接该函数，然后使用ctypes.
或者您可能想要使用Cython或其他一些技术来代替ctypes. 它们通常的工作方式是生成和编译包装 C 库并导出 Python 类型和函数的 C 代码，并且通常将 C 宏导出为 Python 函数就像导出 C 函数一样容易。
或者，最简单的…… PyOpenSSL 是否已经包装了你需要的一切？
经过一番研究，我决定回答我自己的问题。X509_get_notAfter 的宏如下所示：
#define X509_get_notAfter(x) ((x)->cert_info->validity->notAfter)
x - 是 X509 结构，其中包含 X509_CINF 结构，其中包含 X509_VAL 结构，其中包含指向 notAfter 的指针 :)
所以我的计划是在 python 代码中实现整个 X509、X509_CINF 和 X509_VAL 结构。
在 C 中它看起来像这样
struct x509_st
{
X509_CINF *cert_info;
X509_ALGOR *sig_alg;
ASN1_BIT_STRING *signature;
int valid;
int references;
char *name;
CRYPTO_EX_DATA ex_data;
/* These contain copies of various extension values */
long ex_pathlen;
long ex_pcpathlen;
unsigned long ex_flags;
unsigned long ex_kusage;
unsigned long ex_xkusage;
unsigned long ex_nscert;
ASN1_OCTET_STRING *skid;
AUTHORITY_KEYID *akid;
X509_POLICY_CACHE *policy_cache;
STACK_OF(DIST_POINT) *crldp;
STACK_OF(GENERAL_NAME) *altname;
NAME_CONSTRAINTS *nc;
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RFC3779
STACK_OF(IPAddressFamily) *rfc3779_addr;
struct ASIdentifiers_st *rfc3779_asid;
#endif
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SHA
unsigned char sha1_hash[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
#endif
X509_CERT_AUX *aux;
} /* X509 */;
X509_CINF 看起来像这样：
typedef struct x509_cinf_st
{
ASN1_INTEGER *version; /* [ 0 ] default of v1 */
ASN1_INTEGER *serialNumber;
X509_ALGOR *signature;
X509_NAME *issuer;
X509_VAL *validity;
X509_NAME *subject;
X509_PUBKEY *key;
ASN1_BIT_STRING *issuerUID; /* [ 1 ] optional in v2 */
ASN1_BIT_STRING *subjectUID; /* [ 2 ] optional in v2 */
STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *extensions; /* [ 3 ] optional in v3 */
ASN1_ENCODING enc;
} X509_CINF;
这是 X509_VAL：
typedef struct X509_val_st
{
ASN1_TIME *notBefore;
ASN1_TIME *notAfter;
} X509_VAL;
为了使整个任务更容易，我决定用 ctypes.c_void_p 替换所有指向我不想访问的结构的指针
所以我的python代码现在看起来像这样：
class X509_val_st(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('notBefore', ctypes.c_void_p),
('notAfter', ctypes.c_void_p)]
class X509_cinf_st(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('version', ctypes.c_void_p),
('serialNumber', ctypes.c_void_p),
('signature', ctypes.c_void_p),
('issuer', ctypes.c_void_p),
('validity', X509_val_st),
('subject', ctypes.c_void_p),
('key', ctypes.c_void_p),
('issuerUID', ctypes.c_void_p),
('subjectUID', ctypes.c_void_p),
('extensions', ctypes.c_void_p),
('enc', ctypes.c_uint)]
class X509_st(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [('cert_info', X509_cinf_st),
('sig_alg', ctypes.c_void_p),
('signature', ctypes.c_void_p),
('valid', ctypes.c_int),
('references', ctypes.c_int),
('name', ctypes.c_void_p),
('ex_data', ctypes.c_int),
('ex_pathlen', ctypes.c_long),
('ex_pcpathlen', ctypes.c_long),
('ex_flags', ctypes.c_ulong),
('ex_kusage', ctypes.c_ulong),
('ex_xkusage', ctypes.c_ulong),
('ex_nscert', ctypes.c_ulong),
('skid', ctypes.c_void_p),
('akid', ctypes.c_void_p),
('policy_cache', ctypes.c_void_p),
('crldp', ctypes.c_void_p),
('altname', ctypes.c_void_p),
('nc', ctypes.c_void_p),
('rfc3779_addr', ctypes.c_void_p),
('rfc3779_asid', ctypes.c_void_p),
('sha1_hash', ctypes.c_char),
('aux', ctypes.c_void_p)]
最后一步：将结构分配给从函数 X509_new() 接收到的指针：
self.X509_new = self._lib.X509_new
self.X509_new.restype = ctypes.POINTER(X509_st)
self.X509_new.argtypes = []
因此 OpenSSL 宏 X509_get_notBefore 的 python 函数将如下所示：
def X509_get_notBefore(self):
return self.X509[0].cert_info.validity.notBefore