最有可能的是,对此的任何优化都可能影响很小。在我的机器上,读取大文件的限制因素是磁盘传输速度。是的,提高读取速度可以稍微提高一点,但很可能,你不会从中得到太多。
我在之前的测试中发现 [我会看看是否可以在其中找到答案 - 我在“SO 的实验代码”目录中找不到源代码] 最快的方法是使用mmap
. 但它只比使用ifstream
.
编辑:我自制的以几种不同方式读取文件的基准。
读取文件时获取行与读取整个文件然后根据换行符拆分
与往常一样,基准衡量基准衡量的内容,对环境或代码编写方式的微小更改有时会产生很大的不同。
编辑:以下是“从文件中读取数字并将其存储在向量中”的一些实现:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
using namespace std;
const char *file_name = "lots_of_numbers.txt";
void func1()
{
vector<int> v;
int num;
ifstream fin(file_name);
while( fin >> num )
{
v.push_back(num);
}
cout << "Number of values read " << v.size() << endl;
}
void func2()
{
vector<int> v;
v.reserve(42336000);
int num;
ifstream fin(file_name);
while( fin >> num )
{
v.push_back(num);
}
cout << "Number of values read " << v.size() << endl;
}
void func3()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
int num;
ifstream fin(file_name);
int i = 0;
while( fin >> num )
{
v[i++] = num;
}
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
delete [] v;
}
void func4()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
FILE *f = fopen(file_name, "r");
int num;
int i = 0;
while(fscanf(f, "%d", &num) == 1)
{
v[i++] = num;
}
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
fclose(f);
delete [] v;
}
void func5()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
int num = 0;
ifstream fin(file_name);
char buffer[8192];
int i = 0;
int bytes = 0;
char *p;
int hasnum = 0;
int eof = 0;
while(!eof)
{
fin.read(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
p = buffer;
bytes = 8192;
while(bytes > 0)
{
if (*p == 26) // End of file marker...
{
eof = 1;
break;
}
if (*p == '\n' || *p == ' ')
{
if (hasnum)
v[i++] = num;
num = 0;
p++;
bytes--;
hasnum = 0;
}
else if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
{
hasnum = 1;
num *= 10;
num += *p-'0';
p++;
bytes--;
}
else
{
cout << "Error..." << endl;
exit(1);
}
}
memset(buffer, 26, sizeof(buffer)); // To detect end of files.
}
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
delete [] v;
}
void func6()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
int num = 0;
FILE *f = fopen(file_name, "r");
char buffer[8192];
int i = 0;
int bytes = 0;
char *p;
int hasnum = 0;
int eof = 0;
while(!eof)
{
fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), f);
p = buffer;
bytes = 8192;
while(bytes > 0)
{
if (*p == 26) // End of file marker...
{
eof = 1;
break;
}
if (*p == '\n' || *p == ' ')
{
if (hasnum)
v[i++] = num;
num = 0;
p++;
bytes--;
hasnum = 0;
}
else if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
{
hasnum = 1;
num *= 10;
num += *p-'0';
p++;
bytes--;
}
else
{
cout << "Error..." << endl;
exit(1);
}
}
memset(buffer, 26, sizeof(buffer)); // To detect end of files.
}
fclose(f);
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
delete [] v;
}
void func7()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
int num = 0;
FILE *f = fopen(file_name, "r");
int ch;
int i = 0;
int hasnum = 0;
while((ch = fgetc(f)) != EOF)
{
if (ch == '\n' || ch == ' ')
{
if (hasnum)
v[i++] = num;
num = 0;
hasnum = 0;
}
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
{
hasnum = 1;
num *= 10;
num += ch-'0';
}
else
{
cout << "Error..." << endl;
exit(1);
}
}
fclose(f);
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
delete [] v;
}
void func8()
{
int *v = new int[42336000];
int num = 0;
int f = open(file_name, O_RDONLY);
off_t size = lseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
char *buffer = (char *)mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, f, 0);
int i = 0;
int hasnum = 0;
int bytes = size;
char *p = buffer;
while(bytes > 0)
{
if (*p == '\n' || *p == ' ')
{
if (hasnum)
v[i++] = num;
num = 0;
p++;
bytes--;
hasnum = 0;
}
else if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
{
hasnum = 1;
num *= 10;
num += *p-'0';
p++;
bytes--;
}
else
{
cout << "Error..." << endl;
exit(1);
}
}
close(f);
munmap(buffer, size);
cout << "Number of values read " << i << endl;
delete [] v;
}
struct bm
{
void (*f)();
const char *name;
};
#define BM(f) { f, #f }
bm b[] =
{
BM(func1),
BM(func2),
BM(func3),
BM(func4),
BM(func5),
BM(func6),
BM(func7),
BM(func8),
};
double time_to_double(timeval *t)
{
return (t->tv_sec + (t->tv_usec/1000000.0)) * 1000.0;
}
double time_diff(timeval *t1, timeval *t2)
{
return time_to_double(t2) - time_to_double(t1);
}
int main()
{
for(int i = 0; i < sizeof(b) / sizeof(b[0]); i++)
{
timeval t1, t2;
gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
b[i].f();
gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
cout << b[i].name << ": " << time_diff(&t1, &t2) << "ms" << endl;
}
for(int i = sizeof(b) / sizeof(b[0])-1; i >= 0; i--)
{
timeval t1, t2;
gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
b[i].f();
gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
cout << b[i].name << ": " << time_diff(&t1, &t2) << "ms" << endl;
}
}
结果(两次连续运行,向前和向后运行以避免文件缓存的好处):
Number of values read 42336000
func1: 6068.53ms
Number of values read 42336000
func2: 6421.47ms
Number of values read 42336000
func3: 5756.63ms
Number of values read 42336000
func4: 6947.56ms
Number of values read 42336000
func5: 941.081ms
Number of values read 42336000
func6: 962.831ms
Number of values read 42336000
func7: 2572.4ms
Number of values read 42336000
func8: 816.59ms
Number of values read 42336000
func8: 815.528ms
Number of values read 42336000
func7: 2578.6ms
Number of values read 42336000
func6: 948.185ms
Number of values read 42336000
func5: 932.139ms
Number of values read 42336000
func4: 6988.8ms
Number of values read 42336000
func3: 5750.03ms
Number of values read 42336000
func2: 6380.36ms
Number of values read 42336000
func1: 6050.45ms
总之,正如有人在评论中指出的那样,整数的实际解析占整个时间的相当大的一部分,因此读取文件并不像我最初所说的那么重要。即使是读取文件的一种非常幼稚的方式(使用fgetc()
beats ifstream operator>>
for integers。
可以看出,使用mmap
to 加载文件比通过 读取文件稍快fstream
,但只是稍微快一点。