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我正在尝试在我的 struts2 应用程序中使用 Tile 插件，但收到以下错误，

“部署期间发生错误：加载应用程序时出现异常：java.lang.IllegalStateException：ContainerBase.addChild：开始：org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException：java.lang.IllegalArgumentException：java.lang.ClassNotFoundException：org.apache.struts2。 tiles.StrutsTilesListener。有关详细信息，请参阅 server.log。”

我有以下 jar 文件：

tiles-api-3.0.1.jar
tiles-autotag-core-runtime-1.1.0.jar
tiles-compat-3.0.1.jar
tiles-core-3.0.1.jar
tiles-el-3.0.1.jar
tiles-extras-3.0.1.jar
tiles-freemarker-3.0.1.jar
tiles-jsp-3.0.1.jar
tiles-mvel-3.0.1.jar
tiles-ognl-3.0.1.jar
tiles-request-api-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-freemarker-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-jsp-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-mustache-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-servlet-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-servlet-wildcard-1.0.1.jar
tiles-request-velocity-1.0.1.jar
tiles-servlet-3.0.1.jar
tiles-template-3.0.1.jar
tiles-velocity-3.0.1.jar
commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar
commons-digester-2.0.jar
jcl-over-slf4j-1.5.8.jar
slf4j-api-1.5.8.jar

Web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
    <context-param>
        <param-name>org.apache.tiles.impl.BasicTilesContainer.DEFINITIONS_CONFIG</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/tiles.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesListener</listener-class>
    </listener>
    <filter>
        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</filter-class>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>
    <session-config>
        <session-timeout>
            30
        </session-timeout>
    </session-config>
    <welcome-file-list>
        <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
    </welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

Struts.xml

<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">

<struts>
    <!-- Configuration for the default package. -->
    <package name="default" extends="struts-default">

        <result-types>
            <result-type name="tiles" class="org.apache.struts2.views.tiles.TilesResult"/>
        </result-types>
        <action name="register">
            <result type="tiles">register</result>
        </action>
    </package>


</struts>

我的 struts 库文件

Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - xwork-core-2.3.4.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - struts2-core-2.3.4.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - struts2-convention-plugin-2.3.4.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - ognl-3.0.5.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - javassist-3.11.0.GA.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - freemarker-2.3.19.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - commons-lang3-3.1.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - commons-io-2.0.1.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - commons-fileupload-1.2.2.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - asm-tree-3.3.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - asm-commons-3.3.jar
Struts 2.3.4 Core Libraries - asm-3.3.jar
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