使用以下三种技术比较读取文件：
- C
<stdio.h>FILE* - Win32
CreateFile()/ReadFile() - Win32 内存映射
我注意到#1 比#2 快，而#3 是最快的。
例如从最快到最慢排序，为了处理一个 900MB 的测试文件，我得到了这些结果：
Win32 内存映射：821.308 毫秒
C 文件（文件*）：1779.83 毫秒
Win32 文件 (CreateFile)：3649.67 毫秒
为什么C<stdio.h>技术比Win32ReadFile()访问快？我希望原始 Win32 API 的开销比 CRT少。我在这里想念什么？
可编译的测试 C++ 源代码如下。
编辑
我使用 4KB 读取缓冲区并使用三个不同的文件（具有相同内容）重复测试，以避免可能扭曲性能测量的缓存效应，现在结果符合预期。
例如，对于大约 400 MB 的文件，结果是：
Win32 内存映射：305.908 毫秒
Win32 文件 (CreateFile)：451.402 毫秒
C 文件（文件*）：460.579 毫秒
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Test file reading using C FILE*, Win32 CreateFile and Win32 memory mapping.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include <Windows.h>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Performance (speed) measurement
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
long long counter()
{
LARGE_INTEGER li;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&li);
return li.QuadPart;
}
long long frequency()
{
LARGE_INTEGER li;
QueryPerformanceFrequency(&li);
return li.QuadPart;
}
void print_time(const long long start, const long long finish,
const char * const s)
{
std::cout << s << ": " << (finish - start) * 1000.0 / frequency() << " ms\n";
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// RAII handle wrappers
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct c_file_traits
{
typedef FILE* type;
static FILE* invalid_value()
{
return nullptr;
}
static void close(FILE* f)
{
fclose(f);
}
};
struct win32_file_traits
{
typedef HANDLE type;
static HANDLE invalid_value()
{
return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
static void close(HANDLE h)
{
CloseHandle(h);
}
};
struct win32_handle_traits
{
typedef HANDLE type;
static HANDLE invalid_value()
{
return nullptr;
}
static void close(HANDLE h)
{
CloseHandle(h);
}
};
template <typename Traits>
class handle
{
public:
typedef typename Traits::type type;
handle()
: _h(Traits::invalid_value())
{
}
explicit handle(type h)
: _h(h)
{
}
~handle()
{
close();
}
bool valid() const
{
return (_h != Traits::invalid_value());
}
type get() const
{
return _h;
}
void close()
{
if (valid())
Traits::close(_h);
_h = Traits::invalid_value();
}
void reset(type h)
{
if (h != _h)
{
close();
_h = h;
}
}
private: // Ban copy
handle(const handle&);
handle& operator=(const handle&);
private:
type _h; // wrapped raw handle
};
typedef handle<c_file_traits> c_file_handle;
typedef handle<win32_file_traits> win32_file_handle;
typedef handle<win32_handle_traits> win32_handle;
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File reading tests using various techniques
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
unsigned long long count_char_using_c_file(const std::string& filename, const char ch)
{
unsigned long long char_count = 0;
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable: 4996) // fopen use is OK
c_file_handle file(fopen(filename.c_str(), "rb"));
#pragma warning(pop)
if (!file.valid())
throw std::runtime_error("Can't open file.");
std::vector<char> read_buffer(4*1024); // 4 KB
bool has_more_data = true;
while (has_more_data)
{
size_t read_count = fread(read_buffer.data(), 1, read_buffer.size(), file.get());
for (size_t i = 0; i < read_count; i++)
{
if (read_buffer[i] == ch)
char_count++;
}
if (read_count < read_buffer.size())
has_more_data = false;
}
return char_count;
}
unsigned long long count_char_using_win32_file(const std::string& filename, const char ch)
{
unsigned long long char_count = 0;
win32_file_handle file(::CreateFileA(
filename.c_str(),
GENERIC_READ,
FILE_SHARE_READ,
nullptr,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_SCAN,
nullptr
)
);
if (!file.valid())
throw std::runtime_error("Can't open file.");
std::vector<char> read_buffer(4*1024); // 4 KB
bool has_more_data = true;
while (has_more_data)
{
DWORD read_count = 0;
if (!ReadFile(file.get(), read_buffer.data(), read_buffer.size(), &read_count, nullptr))
throw std::runtime_error("File read error using ReadFile().");
for (size_t i = 0; i < read_count; i++)
{
if (read_buffer[i] == ch)
char_count++;
}
if (read_count < sizeof(read_buffer))
has_more_data = false;
}
return char_count;
}
// Memory-map a file.
class file_map
{
public:
explicit file_map(const std::string& filename)
: _view(nullptr), _length(0)
{
_file.reset(::CreateFileA(
filename.c_str(),
GENERIC_READ,
FILE_SHARE_READ,
nullptr,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
nullptr));
if (!_file.valid())
return;
LARGE_INTEGER file_size;
if (!GetFileSizeEx(_file.get(), &file_size))
return;
if (file_size.QuadPart == 0)
return;
_mapping.reset(::CreateFileMapping(
_file.get(), nullptr,
PAGE_READONLY,
0,
0,
nullptr)
);
if (!_mapping.valid())
return;
_view = reinterpret_cast<char*>
(::MapViewOfFile(_mapping.get(), FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 0));
if (!_view)
return;
_length = file_size.QuadPart;
}
~file_map()
{
if (_view)
UnmapViewOfFile(_view);
}
bool valid() const
{
return (_view != nullptr);
}
const char * begin() const
{
return _view;
}
const char * end() const
{
return begin() + length();
}
unsigned long long length() const
{
return _length;
}
private: // ban copy
file_map(const file_map&);
file_map& operator=(const file_map&);
private:
win32_file_handle _file;
win32_handle _mapping;
char* _view;
unsigned long long _length; // in bytes
};
unsigned long long count_char_using_memory_mapping(const std::string& filename, const char ch)
{
unsigned long long char_count = 0;
file_map view(filename);
if (!view.valid())
throw std::runtime_error("Can't create memory-mapping of file.");
for (auto it = view.begin(); it != view.end(); ++it)
{
if (*it == ch)
{
char_count++;
}
}
return char_count;
}
template <typename TestFunc>
void run_test(const char * message, TestFunc test, const std::string& filename, const char ch)
{
const long long start = counter();
const unsigned long long char_count = test(filename, ch);
const long long finish = counter();
print_time(start, finish, message);
std::cout << "Count of \'" << ch << "\' : " << char_count << "\n\n";
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
static const int kExitOk = 0;
static const int kExitError = 1;
if (argc != 3)
{
std::cerr << argv[0] << " <char> <filename>.\n";
std::cerr << "Counts occurrences of ASCII character <char>\n";
std::cerr << "in the <filename> file.\n\n";
return kExitError;
}
const char ch = *(argv[1]);
const std::string filename = argv[2];
try
{
// Execute tests on THREE different files with the same content,
// to avoid caching effects.
// (file names have incremental number suffix).
run_test("C <stdio.h> file (FILE*)", count_char_using_c_file, filename + "1", ch);
run_test("Win32 file (CreateFile)", count_char_using_win32_file, filename + "2", ch);
run_test("Win32 memory mapping", count_char_using_memory_mapping, filename + "3", ch);
return kExitOk;
}
catch (const std::exception& e)
{
std::cerr << "\n*** ERROR: " << e.what() << '\n';
return kExitError;
}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////