正如@OlegTitov 所说,应尽可能避免频繁加载/存储全局内存。当出现不可避免的情况时,合并的内存访问可以帮助执行过程不会变得太慢;然而在大多数情况下,直方图计算很难实现合并访问。
虽然以上大部分内容基本上只是重申@OlegTitov 的答案,但我只想分享一下我所做的一项关于使用 NVIDIA CUDA 求和的调查。实际上结果非常有趣,我希望它对其他 xcuda 开发人员有帮助。
该实验基本上是运行一个速度测试,以寻找各种内存访问模式的总和:使用全局内存(1 个线程)、L2 缓存(原子操作 - 128 个线程)和 L1 缓存(共享内存 - 128 个线程)
本实验使用:Kepler GTX 680, 1546 cores @ 1.06GHz GDDR5 256-bit @ 3GHz
以下是内核:
__global__
void glob(float *h) {
float* hist = h;
uint sd = SEEDRND;
uint random;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMLOOP; i++) {
if (i%NTHREADS==0) random = rnd(sd);
int rind = random % NBIN;
float randval = (float)(random % 10)*1.0f ;
hist[rind] += randval;
}
}
__global__
void atom(float *h) {
float* hist = h;
uint sd = SEEDRND;
for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < NUMLOOP; i+=NTHREADS) {
uint random = rnd(sd);
int rind = random % NBIN;
float randval = (float)(random % 10)*1.0f ;
atomicAdd(&hist[rind], randval);
}
}
__global__
void shm(float *h) {
int lid = threadIdx.x;
uint sd = SEEDRND;
__shared__ float shm[NTHREADS][NBIN];
for (int i = 0; i < NBIN; i++) shm[lid][i] = h[i];
for (int i = lid; i < NUMLOOP; i+=NTHREADS) {
uint random = rnd(sd);
int rind = random % NBIN;
float randval = (float)(random % 10)*1.0f ;
shm[lid][rind] += randval;
}
/* reduction here */
for (int i = 0; i < NBIN; i++) {
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 64) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+64][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 32) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+32][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 16) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+16][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 8) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+8][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 4) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+4][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x < 2) {
shm[threadIdx.x][i] += shm[threadIdx.x+2][i];
}
__syncthreads();
if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
shm[0][i] += shm[1][i];
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < NBIN; i++) h[i] = shm[0][i];
}
输出
atom: 102656.00 shm: 102656.00 glob: 102656.00
atom: 122240.00 shm: 122240.00 glob: 122240.00
... blah blah blah ...
One Thread: 126.3919 msec
Atomic: 7.5459 msec
Sh_mem: 2.2207 msec
这些内核之间的比例为 57:17:1。很多事情都可以在这里分析,这并不意味着使用 L1 或 L2 内存空间总是会给你整个程序的 10 倍以上的加速。
这是主要功能和其他功能:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
#define NUMLOOP 1000000
#define NBIN 36
#define SEEDRND 1
#define NTHREADS 128
#define NBLOCKS 1
__device__ uint rnd(uint & seed) {
#if LONG_MAX > (16807*2147483647)
int const a = 16807;
int const m = 2147483647;
seed = (long(seed * a))%m;
return seed;
#else
double const a = 16807;
double const m = 2147483647;
double temp = seed * a;
seed = (int) (temp - m * floor(temp/m));
return seed;
#endif
}
... the above kernels ...
int main()
{
float *h_hist, *h_hist2, *h_hist3, *d_hist, *d_hist2,
*d_hist3;
h_hist = (float*)malloc(NBIN * sizeof(float));
h_hist2 = (float*)malloc(NBIN * sizeof(float));
h_hist3 = (float*)malloc(NBIN * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_hist, NBIN * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_hist2, NBIN * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_hist3, NBIN * sizeof(float));
for (int i = 0; i < NBIN; i++) h_hist[i] = 0.0f;
cudaMemcpy(d_hist, h_hist, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_hist2, h_hist, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_hist3, h_hist, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaEvent_t start, end;
float elapsed = 0, elapsed2 = 0, elapsed3;
cudaEventCreate(&start);
cudaEventCreate(&end);
cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
atom<<<NBLOCKS, NTHREADS>>>(d_hist);
cudaThreadSynchronize();
cudaEventRecord(end, 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(start);
cudaEventSynchronize(end);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed, start, end);
cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
shm<<<NBLOCKS, NTHREADS>>>(d_hist2);
cudaThreadSynchronize();
cudaEventRecord(end, 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(start);
cudaEventSynchronize(end);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed2, start, end);
cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
glob<<<1, 1>>>(d_hist3);
cudaThreadSynchronize();
cudaEventRecord(end, 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(start);
cudaEventSynchronize(end);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed3, start, end);
cudaMemcpy(h_hist, d_hist, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaMemcpy(h_hist2, d_hist2, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaMemcpy(h_hist3, d_hist3, NBIN * sizeof(float),
cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
/* print output */
for (int i = 0; i < NBIN; i++) {
printf("atom: %10.2f shm: %10.2f glob:
%10.2f¥n",h_hist[i],h_hist2[i],h_hist3[i]);
}
printf("%12s: %8.4f msec¥n", "One Thread", elapsed3);
printf("%12s: %8.4f msec¥n", "Atomic", elapsed);
printf("%12s: %8.4f msec¥n", "Sh_mem", elapsed2);
return 0;
}