假设我想用二次(正交)多项式拟合线性回归模型,然后预测响应。这是第一个模型(m1)的代码
x=1:100
y=-2+3*x-5*x^2+rnorm(100)
m1=lm(y~poly(x,2))
prd.1=predict(m1,newdata=data.frame(x=105:110))
现在让我们尝试相同的模型,但不使用 $poly(x,2)$,我将使用它的列,例如:
m2=lm(y~poly(x,2)[,1]+poly(x,2)[,2])
prd.2=predict(m2,newdata=data.frame(x=105:110))
让我们看一下 m1 和 m2 的摘要。
> summary(m1)
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ poly(x, 2))
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-2.50347 -0.48752 -0.07085 0.53624 2.96516
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -1.677e+04 9.912e-02 -169168 <2e-16 ***
poly(x, 2)1 -1.449e+05 9.912e-01 -146195 <2e-16 ***
poly(x, 2)2 -3.726e+04 9.912e-01 -37588 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
Residual standard error: 0.9912 on 97 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 1, Adjusted R-squared: 1
F-statistic: 1.139e+10 on 2 and 97 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
> summary(m2)
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ poly(x, 2)[, 1] + poly(x, 2)[, 2])
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-2.50347 -0.48752 -0.07085 0.53624 2.96516
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -1.677e+04 9.912e-02 -169168 <2e-16 ***
poly(x, 2)[, 1] -1.449e+05 9.912e-01 -146195 <2e-16 ***
poly(x, 2)[, 2] -3.726e+04 9.912e-01 -37588 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
Residual standard error: 0.9912 on 97 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 1, Adjusted R-squared: 1
F-statistic: 1.139e+10 on 2 and 97 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
所以m1和m2基本相同。现在让我们看看预测 prd.1 和 prd.2
> prd.1
1 2 3 4 5 6
-54811.60 -55863.58 -56925.56 -57997.54 -59079.52 -60171.50
> prd.2
1 2 3 4 5 6
49505.92 39256.72 16812.28 -17827.42 -64662.35 -123692.53
Q1:为什么prd.2与prd.1有很大不同?
Q2:如何使用模型m2获得prd.1?