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注意：这个问题的主要目的是理解/解释CLR 的程序集绑定行为。一旦确定了原因，解决方案应该是显而易见的。请知道我了解我的设置不是最优的（nativedll 未签名和版本控制等），但我再次只想调查 CLR 的绑定行为。

我正在尝试在我的 asp.net 解决方案中使用本机（非 COM、C++）dll。我将避免命名 dll，因为我认为它会将主题转移到错误的方向。

本机 dll 来自博客站点，没有太多信息。我没有任何关于原生 dll 的信息，比如编译它的架构、它是什么文化和版本等。使用提供的包装器，我可以在控制台应用程序中正确使用 dll。它可以工作，即使我们必须使用部分程序集名称进行绑定。本机程序集的包装器具有 DLL 导入，例如[DllImport("nativedll.dll")] public static extern void someMethod([Out] BE_VERSION pbeVersion);

我已经阅读了大量有关 CLR 程序集绑定的信息，包括：

运行时如何定位
程序集 程序集加载的最佳实践

根据我的理解，我们应该能够加载程序集，但不能。我收到程序集绑定错误。

设置

我调用本机 dll 的帮助程序库（编译为 MSIL（任何 CPU））是强命名的，并且在 GAC 中。. 我在 IIS 上的 Win 7 x64 位机器上运行我的 asp.net 应用程序，而不是 Visual Studio 开发服务器。nativedll 未签名且未经过 GAC。

问题
总结是，当我将本机 dll 放在 windows 目录中时，(c:\Windows) 解决方案工作正常。在任何其他情况下，我都会遇到程序集绑定错误。

问题
1. 我想知道为什么将程序集放在 windows 目录中时会被绑定？2. 错误是什么意思：ERR: Error extracting manifest import from file (hr = 0x80131018)？（看场景一、场景六）
3、为什么调用Assembly.Load*()方法会失败？（场景 3、4、5）

我的测试

方案 1 的结果： 

**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Included in project; Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.

**Description:** 
Logged into the site, home page open. Did not navigate to the page with native call.

**Result:** 
    Binding Error
    *** Assembly Binder Log Entry  (12/13/2012 @ 11:28:23 AM) ***

        The operation failed.
        Bind result: hr = 0x80131018. No description available.

        Assembly manager loaded from:  C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
        Running under executable  C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
        --- A detailed error log follows. 

        === Pre-bind state information ===
        LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
        LOG: DisplayName = nativedll
         (Partial)
        WRN: Partial binding information was supplied for an assembly:
        WRN: Assembly Name: nativedll | Domain ID: 2
        WRN: A partial bind occurs when only part of the assembly display name is provided.
        WRN: This might result in the binder loading an incorrect assembly.
        WRN: It is recommended to provide a fully specified textual identity for the assembly,
        WRN: that consists of the simple name, version, culture, and public key token.
        WRN: See whitepaper http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=109270 for more information and common solutions to this issue.
        LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/WebUI/
        LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
        LOG: Dynamic Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
        LOG: Cache Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
        LOG: AppName = ca4be085
        Calling assembly : (Unknown).
        ===
        LOG: This bind starts in default load context.
        LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
        LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
        LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
        LOG: Policy not being applied to reference at this time (private, custom, partial, or location-based assembly bind).
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
        LOG: Entering download cache setup phase.
        ERR: Error extracting manifest import from file (hr = 0x80131018).
        ERR: Setup failed with hr = 0x80131018.
        ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.

场景二： 

**Setup**
Scenario 1 + Just copy the nativedll to C:\Windows folder. No reset of anytype. 

**Description**
Navigate to the page calling native.

Result: 
Success. Native Functionality is invoked. No binding failure.

场景 3： 

**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.

Description: 
    Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:

        var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
        var a = Assembly.LoadFrom(pat);

    **Result**
    Exception raised:

    System.BadImageFormatException was unhandled
      HResult=-2146234344
      Message=Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll' or one of its dependencies. The module was expected to contain an assembly manifest.
      Source=mscorlib
      FileName=file:///C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
      FusionLog=Assembly manager loaded from:  C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
        Running under executable  C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
        --- A detailed error log follows. 

        === Pre-bind state information ===
        LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
        LOG: Where-ref bind. Location = C:\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
        LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/WebUI/
        LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
        Calling assembly : (Unknown).
        ===
        LOG: This bind starts in LoadFrom load context.
        WRN: Native image will not be probed in LoadFrom context. Native image will only be probed in default load context, like with Assembly.Load().
        LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
        LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
        LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.dll.
        ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.

          StackTrace:
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoadAssemblyName(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, RuntimeAssembly reqAssembly, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoadFrom(String assemblyFile, Evidence securityEvidence, Byte[] hashValue, AssemblyHashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean suppressSecurityChecks, StackCrawlMark& stackMark)
               at System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFrom(String assemblyFile)
          InnerException:

场景四： 

**Setup**
    Calling Assembly: GACed.
    Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.

**Description** 
    Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:

    var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
    var a = Assembly.Load(pat);

**Result**
    Exception raised:

        System.IO.FileLoadException was unhandled
          HResult=-2146234297
          Message=Could not load file or assembly 'C:\\WebUI\\bin\\nativedll.dll' or one of its dependencies. The given assembly name or codebase was invalid. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131047)
          Source=mscorlib
          FileName=C:\\WebUI\\bin\\nativedll.dll
          FusionLog=""
          StackTrace:
               at System.Reflection.AssemblyName.nInit(RuntimeAssembly& assembly, Boolean forIntrospection, Boolean raiseResolveEvent)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.CreateAssemblyName(String assemblyString, Boolean forIntrospection, RuntimeAssembly& assemblyFromResolveEvent)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, IntPtr pPrivHostBinder, Boolean forIntrospection)
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection)
               at System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString)
          InnerException:

场景 5： 

**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Build Action: None; Copy To Output Directory: Copy Always.

**Description: **
    Breakpoint at the point of native function call, use immediate window to execute the following code:

    var pat = pat = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.RelativeSearchPath, "nativedll.dll");
    var a = Assembly.LoadFile(pat);

    **Result**
    Exception raised:

        System.BadImageFormatException was unhandled
          HResult=-2146234344
          Message=The module was expected to contain an assembly manifest. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131018)
          Source=mscorlib
          StackTrace:
               at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.nLoadFile(String path, Evidence evidence)
               at System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFile(String path)
          InnerException:

场景 6： 

**Setup**
Calling Assembly: GACed.
Native Assembly: Excluded from project. Manually copied into the bin folder prior to execution.

**Description: **
    Logged into the site, home page open. Did not navigate to the page with native call.

    **Result**
    Binding Error: (Output: Assembly Binding Log Viewer)

        Assembly Binder Log Entry  (12/13/2012 @ 2:19:13 PM)

        The operation failed.
        Bind result: hr = 0x80131018. No description available.

        Assembly manager loaded from:  C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll
        Running under executable  C:\Windows\SysWOW64\inetsrv\w3wp.exe
        --- A detailed error log follows. 

        === Pre-bind state information ===
        LOG: User = NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
        LOG: DisplayName = nativedll
         (Partial)
        WRN: Partial binding information was supplied for an assembly:
        WRN: Assembly Name: nativedll | Domain ID: 2
        WRN: A partial bind occurs when only part of the assembly display name is provided.
        WRN: This might result in the binder loading an incorrect assembly.
        WRN: It is recommended to provide a fully specified textual identity for the assembly,
        WRN: that consists of the simple name, version, culture, and public key token.
        WRN: See whitepaper http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=109270 for more information and common solutions to this issue.
        LOG: Appbase = file:///C:/Web/WebUI/
        LOG: Initial PrivatePath = C:\WebUI\bin
        LOG: Dynamic Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
        LOG: Cache Base = C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Temporary ASP.NET Files\webui\69d9ded4
        LOG: AppName = ca4be085
        Calling assembly : (Unknown).
        ===
        LOG: This bind starts in default load context.
        LOG: Using application configuration file: C:\WebUI\web.config
        LOG: Using host configuration file: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\aspnet.config
        LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config.
        LOG: Policy not being applied to reference at this time (private, custom, partial, or location-based assembly bind).
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Windows/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/Temporary ASP.NET Files/webui/69d9ded4/ca4be085/nativedll/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/WebUI/bin/nativedll.DLL.
        LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\\WebUI\bin\nativedll.dll
        LOG: Entering download cache setup phase.
        ERR: Error extracting manifest import from file (hr = 0x80131018).
        ERR: Setup failed with hr = 0x80131018.
        ERR: Failed to complete setup of assembly (hr = 0x80131018). Probing terminated.

场景 7： 

**Setup**
Scenario 6 + Just copy the nativedll to C:\Windows folder. No reset of anytype. 

**Description**
Navigate to the page calling native.

Result: 
Success. Native Functionality is invoked. No binding failure.
4

1 回答 1

4

据我所知，并有相当多的假设......

/bin 文件夹中的 .NET 程序集在网站启动时由 ASP.NET 自动加载，但不会加载任何本机 win32 DLL。

DLLImport 失败，因为 DllImport 是相对于 w3wp.exe 进程而不是相对于网站项目完成的。AppPool 可以在许多网站之间共享，因此您网站的 /bin 文件夹不能成为 w3wp.exe 进程的 CurrentDirectory，即使这样做不存在安全问题。

因此，要查找 DLL，IIS 首先在“w3wp.exe”所在的文件夹中查找，然后检查 Windows 系统文件夹。

理论上，您应该能够使用 LoadLibrary() 和 GetProcAddress() 从特定文件夹加载 DLL。

顺便说一句，如果您在网站项目中定义的类中使用 DllImport()，您可能需要将 ASP.NET 的默认编译模式更改为“安全”。要允许使用不安全的代码，您可以更新 web.config 文件：

<system.codedom>
    <compilers>
       <compiler ... compilerOptions="/unsafe" >
    </compilers>
</system.codedom>
于 2013-05-23T16:56:05.803 回答