sql - 使用单个查询选择每列的最后一个值

Question

具有以下数据（空白表示 NULL）：

ID    ColA    ColB    ColC
1     15              20
2     11      4       
3             3

如何在单个查询中获取每列的最后一个非 NULL 值？因此，给定数据的结果将是：

ColA    ColB    ColC
11      3       20

我没有找到太多，似乎与我描述的功能相似的功能是COALESCE，但在我的情况下它没有按预期工作。

Answer 1

看起来您必须使用普通 SQL 为每列运行一个单独的查询。对于一个只有 3 列的小表，@Guffa 的查询应该没问题。

3个窗口函数

您可以使用三个窗口函数在一个查询中执行相同操作：不确定这是否比三个单独的子查询快：

SELECT first_value(cola) OVER (ORDER BY cola IS NULL, id DESC) AS cola
      ,first_value(colb) OVER (ORDER BY colb IS NULL, id DESC) AS colb
      ,first_value(colc) OVER (ORDER BY colc IS NULL, id DESC) AS colc
FROM   tbl
LIMIT  1;

count()作为窗口函数

count()您还可以利用不计算NULL值的事实。

WITH x AS (
   SELECT CASE WHEN count(cola) OVER w = 1 THEN cola ELSE NULL END AS cola
         ,CASE WHEN count(colb) OVER w = 1 THEN colb ELSE NULL END AS colb
         ,CASE WHEN count(colc) OVER w = 1 THEN colc ELSE NULL END AS colc
   FROM   tbl
   -- WHERE id > x -- safe to ignore a certain portion from a large table?
   WINDOW w AS (ORDER  BY id DESC)
   )
SELECT max(cola) AS cola, max(colb) AS colb, max(colc) AS colc
FROM   x

对于更大的表和更多的列，递归 CTE或过程函数会更快：

递归 CTE

WITH RECURSIVE x AS (
   SELECT cola, colb, colc
         ,row_number() OVER (ORDER  BY id DESC) AS rn
   FROM   tbl
   )

   , y AS (
   SELECT rn, cola, colb, colc
   FROM   x
   WHERE  rn = 1

   UNION ALL
   SELECT x.rn
        , COALESCE(y.cola,x.cola)
        , COALESCE(y.colb,x.colb)
        , COALESCE(y.colc,x.colc)
   FROM   y
   JOIN   x ON  x.rn = y.rn + 1
   WHERE  y.cola IS NULL OR y.colb IS NULL OR y.colc IS NULL
   )
SELECT cola, colb, colc
FROM   y
ORDER  BY rn DESC
LIMIT  1;

PL/pgSQL 函数

我的钱花在这个上以获得最佳性能：

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_last_nonull(OUT cola int
                                       , OUT colb int
                                       , OUT colc int) AS
$func$
DECLARE
   r record;
BEGIN

FOR r IN
   SELECT t.cola, t.colb, t.colc 
   FROM   tbl t
   ORDER  BY t.id DESC
LOOP
   IF cola IS NULL AND r.cola IS NOT NULL THEN cola := r.cola; END IF;
   IF colb IS NULL AND r.colb IS NOT NULL THEN colb := r.colb; END IF;
   IF colc IS NULL AND r.colc IS NOT NULL THEN colc := r.colc; END IF;

   EXIT WHEN NOT (cola IS NULL OR colb IS NULL OR colc IS NULL);
END LOOP;

END
$func$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

称呼：

SELECT * FROM f_last_nonull();

cola | colb | colc
-----+------+------
 11  | 3    | 20

用 测试EXPLAIN ANALYZE。如果您能回来比较解决方案，那就太好了。

Answer 2

您可以使用子查询：

select
  (select ColA from TheTable where ColA is not null order by ID desc limit 1) as ColA,
  (select ColB from TheTable where ColB is not null order by ID desc limit 1) as ColB,
  (select ColC from TheTable where ColC is not null order by ID desc limit 1) as Col