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我正在尝试在 Haskell中实现海龟图形。目标是能够编写这样的函数:

draw_something = do
    forward 100
    right 90
    forward 100
    ...

然后让它产生一个点列表(可能带有其他属性):

> draw_something (0,0) 0        -- start at (0,0) facing east (0 degrees)
[(0,0), (0,100), (-100,100), ...]

我所有这些都以“正常”的方式工作,但我未能将其实现为 Haskell Monad 并使用 do-notation。基本代码:

data State a = State (a, a) a -- (x,y), angle
    deriving (Show, Eq)

initstate :: State Float
initstate = State (0.0,0.0) 0.0


-- constrain angles to 0 to 2*pi
fmod :: Float -> Float
fmod a 
    | a >= 2*pi = fmod (a-2*pi)
    | a <  0    = fmod (a+2*pi)
    | otherwise = a

forward :: Float -> State Float -> [State Float]
forward d (State (x,y) angle) = [State (x + d * (sin angle), y + d * (cos angle)) angle]

right :: Float -> State Float -> [State Float]
right d (State pos angle) = [State pos (fmod (angle+d))]


bind :: [State a] -> (State a -> [State a]) -> [State a]
bind xs f = xs ++ (f (head $ reverse xs))

ret :: State a -> [State a]
ret x = [x]

有了这个我现在可以写

> [initstate] `bind` (forward 100) `bind` (right (pi/2)) `bind` (forward 100)
[State (0.0,0.0) 0.0,State (0.0,100.0) 0.0,State (0.0,100.0) 1.5707964,State (100.0,99.99999) 1.5707964]

并得到预期的结果。但是我不能将此作为Monad.

instance Monad [State] where
    ...

结果是

`State' is not applied to enough type arguments
Expected kind `*', but `State' has kind `* -> *'
In the instance declaration for `Monad [State]'

如果我将列表包装在一个新对象中

data StateList a = StateList [State a]

instance Monad StateList where
    return x = StateList [x]

我明白了

    Couldn't match type `a' with `State a'
      `a' is a rigid type variable bound by
        the type signature for return :: a -> StateList a 
          at logo.hs:38:9
    In the expression: x        
    In the first argument of `StateList', namely `[x]'
    In the expression: StateList [x]

我尝试了各种其他版本,但我从来没有让它像我想的那样运行。我究竟做错了什么?我怎么理解不正确?

4

1 回答 1

6

您正在设计的 monad 需要有两个类型参数。一个用于保存的轨迹(将针对特定do序列固定),另一个用于计算结果。

您还需要考虑如何组合两个turtle-monadic 值,以便绑定操作具有关联性。例如,

right 90 >> (right 90 >> forward 100)

必须等于

(right 90 >> right 90) >> forward 100

(当然对于>>=等类似)。这意味着如果你用点列表来表示海龟的历史,绑定操作很可能不能将点列表附加在一起;forward 100单独会导致类似[(0,0),(100,0)]的结果,但是当它带有旋转之前,保存的点也需要旋转。


我想说最简单的方法是使用Writer单子。但我不会保存点,我只会保存海龟执行的动作(这样我们在组合值时不需要旋转点)。就像是

data Action = Rotate Double | Forward Double

type TurtleMonad a = Writer [Action] a

(这也意味着我们不需要跟踪当前方向,它包含在动作中。)然后您的每个函数只需将其参数写入Writer. 最后,您可以从中提取最终列表并制作一个简单的函数,将所有动作转换为点列表:

track :: [Action] -> [(Double,Double)]

更新:Data.Sequence使用[Action]它会更好,而不是使用它。它也是一个幺半群连接两个序列非常快,它的摊销复杂度是O(log(min(n1,n2))),与O(n1) of相比。所以改进的类型将是Seq(++)

type TurtleMonad a = Writer (Seq Action) a
于 2012-11-11T16:58:52.503 回答