我想在 python 中创建一个 redis 缓存,作为任何有自尊的科学家,我做了一个基准测试来测试性能。
有趣的是,redis 的表现并不好。要么 Python 正在做一些神奇的事情(存储文件),要么我的 redis 版本非常慢。
我不知道这是否是因为我的代码的结构方式,或者是什么,但我期待 redis 比它做得更好。
为了制作 redis 缓存,我将二进制数据(在本例中为 HTML 页面)设置为从文件名派生的密钥,有效期为 5 分钟。
在所有情况下,文件处理都是使用 f.read() 完成的(这比 f.readlines() 快约 3 倍,我需要二进制 blob)。
我的比较中是否缺少某些东西,或者 Redis 真的无法与磁盘匹配?Python 是否将文件缓存在某处,并且每次都重新访问它?为什么这比访问redis快那么多?
我在 64 位 Ubuntu 系统上使用 redis 2.8、python 2.7 和 redis-py。
我不认为 Python 做了什么特别神奇的事情,因为我创建了一个函数,将文件数据存储在 python 对象中并永远产生它。
我有四个分组的函数调用:
读取文件 X 次
调用一个函数来查看 redis 对象是否仍在内存中、加载它或缓存新文件(单个和多个 redis 实例)。
一个创建生成器的函数,该生成器从 redis 数据库中产生结果(具有单个和多个 redis 实例)。
最后,将文件存储在内存中并永久生成。
import redis
import time
def load_file(fp, fpKey, r, expiry):
with open(fp, "rb") as f:
data = f.read()
p = r.pipeline()
p.set(fpKey, data)
p.expire(fpKey, expiry)
p.execute()
return data
def cache_or_get_gen(fp, expiry=300, r=redis.Redis(db=5)):
fpKey = "cached:"+fp
while True:
yield load_file(fp, fpKey, r, expiry)
t = time.time()
while time.time() - t - expiry < 0:
yield r.get(fpKey)
def cache_or_get(fp, expiry=300, r=redis.Redis(db=5)):
fpKey = "cached:"+fp
if r.exists(fpKey):
return r.get(fpKey)
else:
with open(fp, "rb") as f:
data = f.read()
p = r.pipeline()
p.set(fpKey, data)
p.expire(fpKey, expiry)
p.execute()
return data
def mem_cache(fp):
with open(fp, "rb") as f:
data = f.readlines()
while True:
yield data
def stressTest(fp, trials = 10000):
# Read the file x number of times
a = time.time()
for x in range(trials):
with open(fp, "rb") as f:
data = f.read()
b = time.time()
readAvg = trials/(b-a)
# Generator version
# Read the file, cache it, read it with a new instance each time
a = time.time()
gen = cache_or_get_gen(fp)
for x in range(trials):
data = next(gen)
b = time.time()
cachedAvgGen = trials/(b-a)
# Read file, cache it, pass in redis instance each time
a = time.time()
r = redis.Redis(db=6)
gen = cache_or_get_gen(fp, r=r)
for x in range(trials):
data = next(gen)
b = time.time()
inCachedAvgGen = trials/(b-a)
# Non generator version
# Read the file, cache it, read it with a new instance each time
a = time.time()
for x in range(trials):
data = cache_or_get(fp)
b = time.time()
cachedAvg = trials/(b-a)
# Read file, cache it, pass in redis instance each time
a = time.time()
r = redis.Redis(db=6)
for x in range(trials):
data = cache_or_get(fp, r=r)
b = time.time()
inCachedAvg = trials/(b-a)
# Read file, cache it in python object
a = time.time()
for x in range(trials):
data = mem_cache(fp)
b = time.time()
memCachedAvg = trials/(b-a)
print "\n%s file reads: %.2f reads/second\n" %(trials, readAvg)
print "Yielding from generators for data:"
print "multi redis instance: %.2f reads/second (%.2f percent)" %(cachedAvgGen, (100*(cachedAvgGen-readAvg)/(readAvg)))
print "single redis instance: %.2f reads/second (%.2f percent)" %(inCachedAvgGen, (100*(inCachedAvgGen-readAvg)/(readAvg)))
print "Function calls to get data:"
print "multi redis instance: %.2f reads/second (%.2f percent)" %(cachedAvg, (100*(cachedAvg-readAvg)/(readAvg)))
print "single redis instance: %.2f reads/second (%.2f percent)" %(inCachedAvg, (100*(inCachedAvg-readAvg)/(readAvg)))
print "python cached object: %.2f reads/second (%.2f percent)" %(memCachedAvg, (100*(memCachedAvg-readAvg)/(readAvg)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
fileToRead = "templates/index.html"
stressTest(fileToRead)
现在结果:
10000 file reads: 30971.94 reads/second
Yielding from generators for data:
multi redis instance: 8489.28 reads/second (-72.59 percent)
single redis instance: 8801.73 reads/second (-71.58 percent)
Function calls to get data:
multi redis instance: 5396.81 reads/second (-82.58 percent)
single redis instance: 5419.19 reads/second (-82.50 percent)
python cached object: 1522765.03 reads/second (4816.60 percent)
结果很有趣,因为 a) 生成器每次都比调用函数快,b) redis 比从磁盘读取要慢,c) 从 python 对象读取速度快得离谱。
为什么从磁盘读取比从 redis 读取内存文件要快得多?
编辑:更多信息和测试。
我将功能替换为
data = r.get(fpKey)
if data:
return r.get(fpKey)
结果相差不大
if r.exists(fpKey):
data = r.get(fpKey)
Function calls to get data using r.exists as test
multi redis instance: 5320.51 reads/second (-82.34 percent)
single redis instance: 5308.33 reads/second (-82.38 percent)
python cached object: 1494123.68 reads/second (5348.17 percent)
Function calls to get data using if data as test
multi redis instance: 8540.91 reads/second (-71.25 percent)
single redis instance: 7888.24 reads/second (-73.45 percent)
python cached object: 1520226.17 reads/second (5132.01 percent)
在每个函数调用上创建一个新的 redis 实例实际上对读取速度没有明显影响,从测试到测试的变化大于增益。
Sripathi Krishnan 建议实施随机文件读取。正如我们从这些结果中看到的那样,这就是缓存开始真正发挥作用的地方。
Total number of files: 700
10000 file reads: 274.28 reads/second
Yielding from generators for data:
multi redis instance: 15393.30 reads/second (5512.32 percent)
single redis instance: 13228.62 reads/second (4723.09 percent)
Function calls to get data:
multi redis instance: 11213.54 reads/second (3988.40 percent)
single redis instance: 14420.15 reads/second (5157.52 percent)
python cached object: 607649.98 reads/second (221446.26 percent)
文件读取存在巨大的可变性,因此百分比差异并不是加速的良好指标。
Total number of files: 700
40000 file reads: 1168.23 reads/second
Yielding from generators for data:
multi redis instance: 14900.80 reads/second (1175.50 percent)
single redis instance: 14318.28 reads/second (1125.64 percent)
Function calls to get data:
multi redis instance: 13563.36 reads/second (1061.02 percent)
single redis instance: 13486.05 reads/second (1054.40 percent)
python cached object: 587785.35 reads/second (50214.25 percent)
我使用 random.choice(fileList) 在每次通过函数时随机选择一个新文件。
如果有人想尝试一下,完整的要点就在这里 - https://gist.github.com/3885957
编辑编辑:没有意识到我正在为生成器调用一个文件(尽管函数调用和生成器的性能非常相似)。这也是来自生成器的不同文件的结果。
Total number of files: 700
10000 file reads: 284.48 reads/second
Yielding from generators for data:
single redis instance: 11627.56 reads/second (3987.36 percent)
Function calls to get data:
single redis instance: 14615.83 reads/second (5037.81 percent)
python cached object: 580285.56 reads/second (203884.21 percent)