39

我有一个文件名列表：

names = ['aet2000','ppt2000', 'aet2001', 'ppt2001']

虽然我找到了一些可以对字符串进行 grep 的函数，但我还没有弄清楚如何对列表的所有元素进行 grep。

例如我想：

grep(names,'aet')

并得到：

['aet2000','aet2001']

当然它不是太难，但我是 Python 新手

更新 上面的问题显然不够准确。下面的所有答案都适用于示例，但不适用于我的实际数据。这是我制作文件名列表的代码：

years = range(2000,2011)
months = ["jan","feb","mar","apr","may","jun","jul","aug","sep","oct","nov","dec"]
variables = ["cwd","ppt","aet","pet","tmn","tmx"]     #  *variable name*  with wildcards   
tifnames = list(range(0,(len(years)*len(months)*len(variables)+1)  ))
i = 0
for variable in variables:
   for year in years:
      for month in months:
         fullname = str(variable)+str(year)+str(month)+".tif"
         tifnames[i] = fullname
         i = i+1

运行 filter(lambda x:'aet' in x,tifnames) 或其他答案返回：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#89>", line 1, in <module>
    func(tifnames,'aet')
  File "<pyshell#88>", line 2, in func
    return [i for i in l if s in i]
TypeError: argument of type 'int' is not iterable

尽管 tifnames 是一个字符串列表：

type(tifnames[1])
<type 'str'>

你们看到这里发生了什么吗？再次感谢！

4

5 回答 5

62

使用filter()：

>>> names = ['aet2000','ppt2000', 'aet2001', 'ppt2001']
>>> filter(lambda x:'aet' in x, names)
['aet2000', 'aet2001']

与regex：

>>> import re
>>> filter(lambda x: re.search(r'aet', x), names)
['aet2000', 'aet2001']

在 Python 3 中，过滤器返回一个迭代器，因此可以对其进行列表调用list()。

>>> list(filter(lambda x:'aet' in x, names))
['aet2000', 'aet2001']

否则使用列表理解（它将在 Python 2 和 3 中工作：

>>> [name for name in names if 'aet' in name]
['aet2000', 'aet2001']
于 2012-10-11T17:37:04.393 回答
11

试试这个。它可能不是所有显示的代码中“最短”的，但对于尝试学习 python 的人来说，我认为它教的更多

names = ['aet2000','ppt2000', 'aet2001', 'ppt2001']
found = []
for name in names:
    if 'aet' in name:
       found.append(name)
print found

输出

['aet2000', 'aet2001']

编辑：更改为生产列表。

也可以看看：

如何使用 Python 找出列表中以元音开头的单词？

于 2012-10-11T17:42:43.483 回答
8 
>>> names = ['aet2000', 'ppt2000', 'aet2001', 'ppt2001']
>>> def grep(l, s):
...     return [i for i in l if s in i]
... 
>>> grep(names, 'aet')
['aet2000', 'aet2001']

正则表达式版本，更接近 grep，但在这种情况下不需要：

>>> def func(l, s):
...     return [i for i in l if re.search(s, i)]
... 
>>> func(names, r'aet')
['aet2000', 'aet2001']
于 2012-10-11T17:37:01.223 回答
4

您应该尝试查看名为re的 pythong 模块。Bellow我在python中有一个使用re的grep函数实现。它将帮助您了解 re 的工作原理（当然只有在您阅读了 re 之后）

def grep(pattern,word_list):
    expr = re.compile(pattern)
    return [elem for elem in word_list if expr.match(elem)]
于 2012-10-11T17:37:14.373 回答
2

您不需要预先分配列表tifnames或使用计数器来放入元素。只需将数据附加到生成的列表中或使用列表推导即可。

即，只需这样做：

import re

years = ['2000','2011']
months = ["jan","feb","mar","apr","may","jun","jul","aug","sep","oct","nov","dec"]
variables = ["cwd","ppt","aet","pet","tmn","tmx"]     #  *variable name*  with wildcards   
tifnames = []
for variable in variables:
   for year in years:
      for month in months:
         fullname = variable+year+month+".tif"
         tifnames.append(fullname)

print tifnames
print '==='
print filter(lambda x: re.search(r'aet',x),tifnames)

印刷：

['cwd2000jan.tif', 'cwd2000feb.tif', 'cwd2000mar.tif', 'cwd2000apr.tif', 'cwd2000may.tif', 'cwd2000jun.tif', 'cwd2000jul.tif', 'cwd2000aug.tif', 'cwd2000sep.tif', 'cwd2000oct.tif', 'cwd2000nov.tif', 'cwd2000dec.tif', 'cwd2011jan.tif', 'cwd2011feb.tif', 'cwd2011mar.tif', 'cwd2011apr.tif', 'cwd2011may.tif', 'cwd2011jun.tif', 'cwd2011jul.tif', 'cwd2011aug.tif', 'cwd2011sep.tif', 'cwd2011oct.tif', 'cwd2011nov.tif', 'cwd2011dec.tif', 'ppt2000jan.tif', 'ppt2000feb.tif', 'ppt2000mar.tif', 'ppt2000apr.tif', 'ppt2000may.tif', 'ppt2000jun.tif', 'ppt2000jul.tif', 'ppt2000aug.tif', 'ppt2000sep.tif', 'ppt2000oct.tif', 'ppt2000nov.tif', 'ppt2000dec.tif', 'ppt2011jan.tif', 'ppt2011feb.tif', 'ppt2011mar.tif', 'ppt2011apr.tif', 'ppt2011may.tif', 'ppt2011jun.tif', 'ppt2011jul.tif', 'ppt2011aug.tif', 'ppt2011sep.tif', 'ppt2011oct.tif', 'ppt2011nov.tif', 'ppt2011dec.tif', 'aet2000jan.tif', 'aet2000feb.tif', 'aet2000mar.tif', 'aet2000apr.tif', 'aet2000may.tif', 'aet2000jun.tif', 'aet2000jul.tif', 'aet2000aug.tif', 'aet2000sep.tif', 'aet2000oct.tif', 'aet2000nov.tif', 'aet2000dec.tif', 'aet2011jan.tif', 'aet2011feb.tif', 'aet2011mar.tif', 'aet2011apr.tif', 'aet2011may.tif', 'aet2011jun.tif', 'aet2011jul.tif', 'aet2011aug.tif', 'aet2011sep.tif', 'aet2011oct.tif', 'aet2011nov.tif', 'aet2011dec.tif', 'pet2000jan.tif', 'pet2000feb.tif', 'pet2000mar.tif', 'pet2000apr.tif', 'pet2000may.tif', 'pet2000jun.tif', 'pet2000jul.tif', 'pet2000aug.tif', 'pet2000sep.tif', 'pet2000oct.tif', 'pet2000nov.tif', 'pet2000dec.tif', 'pet2011jan.tif', 'pet2011feb.tif', 'pet2011mar.tif', 'pet2011apr.tif', 'pet2011may.tif', 'pet2011jun.tif', 'pet2011jul.tif', 'pet2011aug.tif', 'pet2011sep.tif', 'pet2011oct.tif', 'pet2011nov.tif', 'pet2011dec.tif', 'tmn2000jan.tif', 'tmn2000feb.tif', 'tmn2000mar.tif', 'tmn2000apr.tif', 'tmn2000may.tif', 'tmn2000jun.tif', 'tmn2000jul.tif', 'tmn2000aug.tif', 'tmn2000sep.tif', 'tmn2000oct.tif', 'tmn2000nov.tif', 'tmn2000dec.tif', 'tmn2011jan.tif', 'tmn2011feb.tif', 'tmn2011mar.tif', 'tmn2011apr.tif', 'tmn2011may.tif', 'tmn2011jun.tif', 'tmn2011jul.tif', 'tmn2011aug.tif', 'tmn2011sep.tif', 'tmn2011oct.tif', 'tmn2011nov.tif', 'tmn2011dec.tif', 'tmx2000jan.tif', 'tmx2000feb.tif', 'tmx2000mar.tif', 'tmx2000apr.tif', 'tmx2000may.tif', 'tmx2000jun.tif', 'tmx2000jul.tif', 'tmx2000aug.tif', 'tmx2000sep.tif', 'tmx2000oct.tif', 'tmx2000nov.tif', 'tmx2000dec.tif', 'tmx2011jan.tif', 'tmx2011feb.tif', 'tmx2011mar.tif', 'tmx2011apr.tif', 'tmx2011may.tif', 'tmx2011jun.tif', 'tmx2011jul.tif', 'tmx2011aug.tif', 'tmx2011sep.tif', 'tmx2011oct.tif', 'tmx2011nov.tif', 'tmx2011dec.tif']
===
['aet2000jan.tif', 'aet2000feb.tif', 'aet2000mar.tif', 'aet2000apr.tif', 'aet2000may.tif', 'aet2000jun.tif', 'aet2000jul.tif', 'aet2000aug.tif', 'aet2000sep.tif', 'aet2000oct.tif', 'aet2000nov.tif', 'aet2000dec.tif', 'aet2011jan.tif', 'aet2011feb.tif', 'aet2011mar.tif', 'aet2011apr.tif', 'aet2011may.tif', 'aet2011jun.tif', 'aet2011jul.tif', 'aet2011aug.tif', 'aet2011sep.tif', 'aet2011oct.tif', 'aet2011nov.tif', 'aet2011dec.tif']

而且，根据您是否觉得这更具可读性，Python 会更惯用：

years = ['2000','2011']
months = ["jan","feb","mar","apr","may","jun","jul","aug","sep","oct","nov","dec"]
vars = ["cwd","ppt","aet","pet","tmn","tmx"]        
tifnames = [v+y+m+".tif" for y in years for m in months for v in vars]
print tifnames
print '==='
print [e for e in tifnames if re.search(r'aet',e)]

...相同的输出

于 2012-10-11T18:18:04.483 回答