这是您程序的统计数据(我已将上限降低到 1000000)
这是您稍作修改的程序
sumWith1 v [] = v
sumWith1 v (x:xs) = sumWith1 (v+x) xs
sumWith2 v [] = v
sumWith2 v (x:xs) = (sumWith2 $! (v+x)) xs
main = print $ sumWith1 0 [1..1000000]
编译ghc -prof -fprof-auto -rtsopts heap.hs
对于 sumwith1
./heap +RTS -sstderr -K500M
500000500000
266,384,496 bytes allocated in the heap
367,442,520 bytes copied during GC
117,747,616 bytes maximum residency (8 sample(s))
1,931,472 bytes maximum slop
196 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 393 colls, 0 par 0.19s 0.19s 0.0005s 0.0455s
Gen 1 8 colls, 0 par 0.20s 0.21s 0.0257s 0.0832s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 0.15s ( 0.16s elapsed)
GC time 0.39s ( 0.39s elapsed)
RP time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
PROF time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
Total time 0.55s ( 0.55s elapsed)
%GC time 71.2% (71.5% elapsed)
Alloc rate 1,689,230,189 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 28.7% of total user, 28.7% of total elapsed
对于 sumwith2
./heap +RTS -sstderr -K500M
500000500000
256,057,488 bytes allocated in the heap
65,256 bytes copied during GC
30,240 bytes maximum residency (1 sample(s))
21,440 bytes maximum slop
1 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 488 colls, 0 par 0.00s 0.00s 0.0000s 0.0000s
Gen 1 1 colls, 0 par 0.00s 0.00s 0.0003s 0.0003s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 0.14s ( 0.14s elapsed)
GC time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
RP time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
PROF time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
Total time 0.14s ( 0.14s elapsed)
%GC time 1.8% (1.8% elapsed)
Alloc rate 1,798,840,354 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 98.0% of total user, 99.3% of total elapsed
您可以看到 GC 数量和使用的总内存有很大差异。有关更多信息,您可以参考 Don 指出的 RWH 章节。