这是运行返回其数据的任意命令stdout或在非零退出代码上引发异常的 Python 代码：
proc = subprocess.Popen(
cmd,
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, # Merge stdout and stderr
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
shell=True)
communicate用于等待进程退出：
stdoutdata, stderrdata = proc.communicate()
该subprocess模块不支持超时——能够终止运行超过 X 秒的进程——因此，communicate可能需要永远运行。
在 Windows 和 Linux 上运行的 Python 程序中实现超时的最简单方法是什么？
我不太了解底层细节；但是，鉴于在 python 2.6 中，API 提供了等待线程和终止进程的能力，那么在单独的线程中运行进程呢？
import subprocess, threading
class Command(object):
def __init__(self, cmd):
self.cmd = cmd
self.process = None
def run(self, timeout):
def target():
print 'Thread started'
self.process = subprocess.Popen(self.cmd, shell=True)
self.process.communicate()
print 'Thread finished'
thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
thread.start()
thread.join(timeout)
if thread.is_alive():
print 'Terminating process'
self.process.terminate()
thread.join()
print self.process.returncode
command = Command("echo 'Process started'; sleep 2; echo 'Process finished'")
command.run(timeout=3)
command.run(timeout=1)
在我的机器中这个片段的输出是：
Thread started
Process started
Process finished
Thread finished
0
Thread started
Process started
Terminating process
Thread finished
-15
可以看出，在第一次执行中，进程正确完成（返回代码 0），而在第二次执行中，进程被终止（返回代码 -15）。
我没有在 Windows 中测试过；但是，除了更新示例命令之外，我认为它应该可以工作，因为我在文档中没有找到任何说不支持 thread.join 或 process.terminate 的内容。
In Python 3.3+:
from subprocess import STDOUT, check_output
output = check_output(cmd, stderr=STDOUT, timeout=seconds)
output is a byte string that contains command's merged stdout, stderr data.
check_output raises CalledProcessError on non-zero exit status as specified in the question's text unlike proc.communicate() method.
I've removed shell=True because it is often used unnecessarily. You can always add it back if cmd indeed requires it. If you add shell=True i.e., if the child process spawns its own descendants; check_output() can return much later than the timeout indicates, see Subprocess timeout failure.
The timeout feature is available on Python 2.x via the subprocess32 backport of the 3.2+ subprocess module.
jcollado 的答案可以使用threading.Timer类来简化：
import shlex
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
from threading import Timer
def run(cmd, timeout_sec):
proc = Popen(shlex.split(cmd), stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
timer = Timer(timeout_sec, proc.kill)
try:
timer.start()
stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
finally:
timer.cancel()
# Examples: both take 1 second
run("sleep 1", 5) # process ends normally at 1 second
run("sleep 5", 1) # timeout happens at 1 second
如果你在 Unix 上，
import signal
...
class Alarm(Exception):
pass
def alarm_handler(signum, frame):
raise Alarm
signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, alarm_handler)
signal.alarm(5*60) # 5 minutes
try:
stdoutdata, stderrdata = proc.communicate()
signal.alarm(0) # reset the alarm
except Alarm:
print "Oops, taking too long!"
# whatever else
这是 Alex Martelli 的解决方案，作为具有适当进程终止的模块。其他方法不起作用，因为它们不使用 proc.communicate()。因此，如果您有一个产生大量输出的进程，它将填充其输出缓冲区，然后阻塞，直到您从中读取一些内容。
from os import kill
from signal import alarm, signal, SIGALRM, SIGKILL
from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
def run(args, cwd = None, shell = False, kill_tree = True, timeout = -1, env = None):
'''
Run a command with a timeout after which it will be forcibly
killed.
'''
class Alarm(Exception):
pass
def alarm_handler(signum, frame):
raise Alarm
p = Popen(args, shell = shell, cwd = cwd, stdout = PIPE, stderr = PIPE, env = env)
if timeout != -1:
signal(SIGALRM, alarm_handler)
alarm(timeout)
try:
stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
if timeout != -1:
alarm(0)
except Alarm:
pids = [p.pid]
if kill_tree:
pids.extend(get_process_children(p.pid))
for pid in pids:
# process might have died before getting to this line
# so wrap to avoid OSError: no such process
try:
kill(pid, SIGKILL)
except OSError:
pass
return -9, '', ''
return p.returncode, stdout, stderr
def get_process_children(pid):
p = Popen('ps --no-headers -o pid --ppid %d' % pid, shell = True,
stdout = PIPE, stderr = PIPE)
stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
return [int(p) for p in stdout.split()]
if __name__ == '__main__':
print run('find /', shell = True, timeout = 3)
print run('find', shell = True)
timeout现在在 subprocess 模块中得到支持（从 Python3.3 开始call()）：communicate()
import subprocess
subprocess.call("command", timeout=20, shell=True)
这将调用命令并引发异常
subprocess.TimeoutExpired
如果命令在 20 秒后没有完成。
然后，您可以处理异常以继续您的代码，例如：
try:
subprocess.call("command", timeout=20, shell=True)
except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
# insert code here
希望这可以帮助。
惊讶没有人提到使用timeout
timeout 5 ping -c 3 somehost
这显然不适用于每个用例，但如果您处理一个简单的脚本，这很难被击败。
homebrew也可通过mac 用户在 coreutils 中作为 gtimeout使用。
从Python 3.5开始，有一个新的subprocess.run通用命令（用于替换check_call, check_output...）并且它也具有timeout=参数。
子进程。运行(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, cwd=None, timeout=None , check=False, encoding=None, errors=None)
运行args描述的命令。等待命令完成，然后返回一个
CompletedProcess实例。
subprocess.TimeoutExpired超时到期时会引发异常。
我已经修改了 sussudio答案。现在函数返回： ( returncode, stdout, stderr, timeout) -stdout并被stderr解码为 utf-8 字符串
def kill_proc(proc, timeout):
timeout["value"] = True
proc.kill()
def run(cmd, timeout_sec):
proc = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split(cmd), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
timeout = {"value": False}
timer = Timer(timeout_sec, kill_proc, [proc, timeout])
timer.start()
stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
timer.cancel()
return proc.returncode, stdout.decode("utf-8"), stderr.decode("utf-8"), timeout["value"]
另一种选择是写入临时文件以防止标准输出阻塞，而不是需要使用通信（）进行轮询。这对我有用，而其他答案却没有；例如在窗户上。
outFile = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile()
errFile = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile()
proc = subprocess.Popen(args, stderr=errFile, stdout=outFile, universal_newlines=False)
wait_remaining_sec = timeout
while proc.poll() is None and wait_remaining_sec > 0:
time.sleep(1)
wait_remaining_sec -= 1
if wait_remaining_sec <= 0:
killProc(proc.pid)
raise ProcessIncompleteError(proc, timeout)
# read temp streams from start
outFile.seek(0);
errFile.seek(0);
out = outFile.read()
err = errFile.read()
outFile.close()
errFile.close()
这是我的解决方案，我使用的是线程和事件：
import subprocess
from threading import Thread, Event
def kill_on_timeout(done, timeout, proc):
if not done.wait(timeout):
proc.kill()
def exec_command(command, timeout):
done = Event()
proc = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
watcher = Thread(target=kill_on_timeout, args=(done, timeout, proc))
watcher.daemon = True
watcher.start()
data, stderr = proc.communicate()
done.set()
return data, stderr, proc.returncode
在行动：
In [2]: exec_command(['sleep', '10'], 5)
Out[2]: ('', '', -9)
In [3]: exec_command(['sleep', '10'], 11)
Out[3]: ('', '', 0)
我将带有 threading from 的解决方案添加jcollado到我的 Python 模块easyprocess中。
安装：
pip install easyprocess
例子：
from easyprocess import Proc
# shell is not supported!
stdout=Proc('ping localhost').call(timeout=1.5).stdout
print stdout
预先添加 Linux 命令timeout并不是一个糟糕的解决方法，它对我有用。
cmd = "timeout 20 "+ cmd
subprocess.Popen(cmd.split(), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
(output, err) = p.communicate()
我使用的解决方案是在 shell 命令前加上timelimit。如果命令花费的时间太长，timelimit 将停止它，并且 Popen 将有一个由 timelimit 设置的返回码。如果 > 128，则意味着 timelimit 杀死了该进程。
如果您使用的是 python 2，请尝试一下
import subprocess32
try:
output = subprocess32.check_output(command, shell=True, timeout=3)
except subprocess32.TimeoutExpired as e:
print e
我已经实现了我可以从其中一些中收集到的东西。这适用于 Windows，由于这是一个社区 wiki，我想我也会分享我的代码：
class Command(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, cmd, outFile, errFile, timeout):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.cmd = cmd
self.process = None
self.outFile = outFile
self.errFile = errFile
self.timed_out = False
self.timeout = timeout
def run(self):
self.process = subprocess.Popen(self.cmd, stdout = self.outFile, \
stderr = self.errFile)
while (self.process.poll() is None and self.timeout > 0):
time.sleep(1)
self.timeout -= 1
if not self.timeout > 0:
self.process.terminate()
self.timed_out = True
else:
self.timed_out = False
然后从另一个类或文件：
outFile = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile()
errFile = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile()
executor = command.Command(c, outFile, errFile, timeout)
executor.daemon = True
executor.start()
executor.join()
if executor.timed_out:
out = 'timed out'
else:
outFile.seek(0)
errFile.seek(0)
out = outFile.read()
err = errFile.read()
outFile.close()
errFile.close()
一旦您了解了 *unix 中的全流程运行机制，您将很容易找到更简单的解决方案：
考虑这个简单的例子，如何使用 select.select() （现在几乎在 *nix 上几乎所有地方都可用）来制作可超时的communicate() 方法。这也可以用 epoll/poll/kqueue 编写，但是 select.select() 变体可能是一个很好的例子。select.select() 的主要限制（速度和 1024 max fds）不适用于您的任务。
这在 *nix 下工作，不创建线程，不使用信号，可以从任何线程（不仅是主线程）启动，并且足够快以从我的机器（i5 2.3ghz）上的标准输出读取 250mb/s 的数据。
在通信结束时加入 stdout/stderr 时出现问题。如果您有大量程序输出，这可能会导致大量内存使用。但是你可以用较小的超时时间多次调用communicate()。
class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
def communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None):
if timeout is None:
return subprocess.Popen.communicate(self, input)
if self.stdin:
# Flush stdio buffer, this might block if user
# has been writing to .stdin in an uncontrolled
# fashion.
self.stdin.flush()
if not input:
self.stdin.close()
read_set, write_set = [], []
stdout = stderr = None
if self.stdin and input:
write_set.append(self.stdin)
if self.stdout:
read_set.append(self.stdout)
stdout = []
if self.stderr:
read_set.append(self.stderr)
stderr = []
input_offset = 0
deadline = time.time() + timeout
while read_set or write_set:
try:
rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select(read_set, write_set, [], max(0, deadline - time.time()))
except select.error as ex:
if ex.args[0] == errno.EINTR:
continue
raise
if not (rlist or wlist):
# Just break if timeout
# Since we do not close stdout/stderr/stdin, we can call
# communicate() several times reading data by smaller pieces.
break
if self.stdin in wlist:
chunk = input[input_offset:input_offset + subprocess._PIPE_BUF]
try:
bytes_written = os.write(self.stdin.fileno(), chunk)
except OSError as ex:
if ex.errno == errno.EPIPE:
self.stdin.close()
write_set.remove(self.stdin)
else:
raise
else:
input_offset += bytes_written
if input_offset >= len(input):
self.stdin.close()
write_set.remove(self.stdin)
# Read stdout / stderr by 1024 bytes
for fn, tgt in (
(self.stdout, stdout),
(self.stderr, stderr),
):
if fn in rlist:
data = os.read(fn.fileno(), 1024)
if data == '':
fn.close()
read_set.remove(fn)
tgt.append(data)
if stdout is not None:
stdout = ''.join(stdout)
if stderr is not None:
stderr = ''.join(stderr)
return (stdout, stderr)
在 Python 3.7.8 中测试超时后捕获的输出示例：
try:
return subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, timeout=20, cwd=cwd, universal_newlines=True)
except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as e:
print(e.output.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore"))
assert False;
异常 subprocess.TimeoutExpired 具有输出和其他成员：
cmd - 用于生成子进程的命令。
timeout - 以秒为单位的超时。
output - 子进程的输出，如果它被 run() 或 check_output() 捕获。否则，无。
stdout - 输出别名，用于与 stderr 对称。
stderr - 子进程的标准错误输出（如果它被 run() 捕获）。否则，无。
更多信息：https ://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.TimeoutExpired
蟒蛇2.7
import time
import subprocess
def run_command(cmd, timeout=0):
start_time = time.time()
df = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
while timeout and df.poll() == None:
if time.time()-start_time >= timeout:
df.kill()
return -1, ""
output = '\n'.join(df.communicate()).strip()
return df.returncode, output
您可以使用select
import subprocess
from datetime import datetime
from select import select
def call_with_timeout(cmd, timeout):
started = datetime.now()
sp = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
while True:
p = select([sp.stdout], [], [], timeout)
if p[0]:
p[0][0].read()
ret = sp.poll()
if ret is not None:
return ret
if (datetime.now()-started).total_seconds() > timeout:
sp.kill()
return None
我已经在 Windows、Linux 和 Mac 上成功使用了 killableprocess 。如果您使用的是 Cygwin Python，则需要OSAF 的 killableprocess 版本，否则本机 Windows 进程将不会被杀死。
虽然我没有深入研究它，但我在 ActiveState 找到的这个装饰器似乎对这类事情非常有用。除了subprocess.Popen(..., close_fds=True)，至少我已经准备好在 Python 中编写 shell 脚本了。
有一个想法是继承 Popen 类并使用一些简单的方法装饰器对其进行扩展。我们称之为 ExpirablePopen。
from logging import error
from subprocess import Popen
from threading import Event
from threading import Thread
class ExpirablePopen(Popen):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', 0)
self.timer = None
self.done = Event()
Popen.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
def __tkill(self):
timeout = self.timeout
if not self.done.wait(timeout):
error('Terminating process {} by timeout of {} secs.'.format(self.pid, timeout))
self.kill()
def expirable(func):
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
# zero timeout means call of parent method
if self.timeout == 0:
return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
# if timer is None, need to start it
if self.timer is None:
self.timer = thr = Thread(target=self.__tkill)
thr.daemon = True
thr.start()
result = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.done.set()
return result
return wrapper
wait = expirable(Popen.wait)
communicate = expirable(Popen.communicate)
if __name__ == '__main__':
from subprocess import PIPE
print ExpirablePopen('ssh -T git@bitbucket.org', stdout=PIPE, timeout=1).communicate()
我有一个问题，如果多线程子进程花费的时间超过给定的超时长度，我想终止它。我想在 中设置超时Popen()，但它不起作用。然后，我意识到Popen().wait()等于call()，所以我有了在.wait(timeout=xxx)方法中设置超时的想法，最终奏效了。因此，我以这种方式解决了它：
import os
import sys
import signal
import subprocess
from multiprocessing import Pool
cores_for_parallelization = 4
timeout_time = 15 # seconds
def main():
jobs = [...YOUR_JOB_LIST...]
with Pool(cores_for_parallelization) as p:
p.map(run_parallel_jobs, jobs)
def run_parallel_jobs(args):
# Define the arguments including the paths
initial_terminal_command = 'C:\\Python34\\python.exe' # Python executable
function_to_start = 'C:\\temp\\xyz.py' # The multithreading script
final_list = [initial_terminal_command, function_to_start]
final_list.extend(args)
# Start the subprocess and determine the process PID
subp = subprocess.Popen(final_list) # starts the process
pid = subp.pid
# Wait until the return code returns from the function by considering the timeout.
# If not, terminate the process.
try:
returncode = subp.wait(timeout=timeout_time) # should be zero if accomplished
except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
# Distinguish between Linux and Windows and terminate the process if
# the timeout has been expired
if sys.platform == 'linux2':
os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM)
elif sys.platform == 'win32':
subp.terminate()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
迟到的答案Linux仅适用于，但如果有人想使用subprocess.getstatusoutput()，超时参数不可用，您可以在命令开头使用内置的 Linux 超时，即：
import subprocess
timeout = 25 # seconds
cmd = f"timeout --preserve-status --foreground {timeout} ping duckgo.com"
exit_c, out = subprocess.getstatusoutput(cmd)
if (exit_c == 0):
print("success")
else:
print("Error: ", out)
timeout论据：
此解决方案在 shell=True 的情况下终止进程树，将参数传递给进程（或不传递），超时并获取回调的 stdout、stderr 和进程输出（它使用 psutil 作为 kill_proc_tree）。这是基于 SO 中发布的几个解决方案，包括 jcollado 的。在 jcollado 的回答中回复 Anson 和 jradice 的评论。在 Windows Srvr 2012 和 Ubuntu 14.04 中测试。请注意，对于 Ubuntu，您需要将 parent.children(...) 调用更改为 parent.get_children(...)。
def kill_proc_tree(pid, including_parent=True):
parent = psutil.Process(pid)
children = parent.children(recursive=True)
for child in children:
child.kill()
psutil.wait_procs(children, timeout=5)
if including_parent:
parent.kill()
parent.wait(5)
def run_with_timeout(cmd, current_dir, cmd_parms, timeout):
def target():
process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, cwd=current_dir, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
# wait for the process to terminate
if (cmd_parms == ""):
out, err = process.communicate()
else:
out, err = process.communicate(cmd_parms)
errcode = process.returncode
thread = Thread(target=target)
thread.start()
thread.join(timeout)
if thread.is_alive():
me = os.getpid()
kill_proc_tree(me, including_parent=False)
thread.join()
不幸的是，我受到雇主披露源代码的严格政策的约束，因此我无法提供实际代码。但就我的口味而言，最好的解决方案是创建一个覆盖Popen.wait()以轮询而不是无限期等待的子类，并Popen.__init__接受超时参数。一旦你这样做了，所有其他Popen方法（调用wait）将按预期工作，包括communicate.
对于 python 2.6+，使用 gevent
from gevent.subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
def call_sys(cmd, timeout):
p= Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=PIPE)
output, _ = p.communicate(timeout=timeout)
assert p.returncode == 0, p. returncode
return output
call_sys('./t.sh', 2)
# t.sh example
sleep 5
echo done
exit 1
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-subprocess2为 subprocess 模块提供了扩展，允许您等待一段时间，否则终止。
因此，等待进程终止最多 10 秒，否则终止：
pipe = subprocess.Popen('...')
timeout = 10
results = pipe.waitOrTerminate(timeout)
这与 windows 和 unix 都兼容。“results”是一个字典，它包含“returnCode”，它是应用程序的返回（如果必须被杀死，则为 None），以及“actionTaken”。如果进程正常完成，这将是“SUBPROCESS2_PROCESS_COMPLETED”，或者是“SUBPROCESS2_PROCESS_TERMINATED”和 SUBPROCESS2_PROCESS_KILLED 的掩码，具体取决于所采取的操作（有关完整详细信息，请参阅文档）
只是想写一些更简单的东西。
#!/usr/bin/python
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import datetime
import time
popen = Popen(["/bin/sleep", "10"]);
pid = popen.pid
sttime = time.time();
waittime = 3
print "Start time %s"%(sttime)
while True:
popen.poll();
time.sleep(1)
rcode = popen.returncode
now = time.time();
if [ rcode is None ] and [ now > (sttime + waittime) ] :
print "Killing it now"
popen.kill()