As was suggested in the comments, having a shared FS is the (usual) way to implement this, and simply pass the path around in the job request from gearman. Gearman is not well-suited for passing around large blobs of data, as it has to keep all of the information for a job in memory. It was never designed for handling the transfer and distribution of large files. Since MogileFS was also initially developed at Danga, there simply was no need to also incorporate file transfer and handling in Gearman (and that's a good thing, there's quite a few technologies that solve that problem better than Gearman would ever do).
We're using NFS for handling distributed workers when videos arrive, and the encoder puts the encoded video back onto the NFS share that's available to the public when it's done. Haven't had a serious issue yet, NFS is stable and it's problems are well known and already solved for the kind of loads you'll see.