29

这是一个概述我的问题的最小示例

测试.c：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

main ()
{
   fmod ( 3, 2 );
}

这是我要编译的命令test.c

gcc -lm test.c -o test

这是我发出上述命令时得到的输出

/tmp/ccQmRk99.o: In function `main':
test.c:(.text+0x3e): undefined reference to `fmod'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

如果改为使用cc. 我正在使用以下版本的 gcc

gcc-4.6.real (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.1-9ubuntu3) 4.6.1

任何想法为什么我的程序无法编译？

4

2 回答 2

62

问题来自链接器，ld而不是 gcc（因此出现退出状态消息）。通常 ld 要求按顺序指定对象和库user supplier，其中user是使用库函数supplier的对象并且是提供它的对象。

当你test.c被编译成一个对象时，编译器声明 fmod 是一个未定义的引用

$ gcc -c test.c
$ nm test.o
                 U fmod
0000000000000000 T main

（nm 列出了目标文件引用的所有函数）

链接器将未定义的引用更改为已定义的引用，查找引用以查看它们是否在其他文件中提供。

$ gcc -lm test.o
$ nm a.out
0000000000600e30 d _DYNAMIC
0000000000600fe8 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
00000000004006a8 R _IO_stdin_used
                 w _Jv_RegisterClasses
0000000000600e10 d __CTOR_END__
...
0000000000601018 D __dso_handle
                 w __gmon_start__
...
                 U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.2.5
0000000000601020 A _edata
0000000000601030 A _end
0000000000400698 T _fini
0000000000400448 T _init
0000000000400490 T _start
00000000004004bc t call_gmon_start
0000000000601020 b completed.7382
0000000000601010 W data_start
0000000000601028 b dtor_idx.7384
                 U fmod@@GLIBC_2.2.5
0000000000400550 t frame_dummy
0000000000400574 T main

其中大部分是指在 main 之前和之后运行以设置环境的 libc 函数。您可以看到 fmod 现在指向 glibc，它将由共享库系统解析。

我的系统默认设置为使用共享库。如果我改为强制静态链接，我会得到您看到的订单依赖项

$ gcc -static -lm test.o
test.o: In function `main':
test.c:(.text+0x40): undefined reference to `fmod'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

稍后-lm在链接器命令中，after test.o，允许它成功链接。检查符号 fmod 现在应该被解析为实际地址，确实是

$ gcc -static test.o -lm
$ nm a.out | grep fmod
0000000000400480 T __fmod
0000000000402b80 T __ieee754_fmod
0000000000400480 W fmod
于 2012-07-05T00:24:00.530 回答
4

从 gcc(1) 联机帮助页：“-l 选项的位置很重要。”

具体来说：

   -llibrary
   -l library
       Search the library named library when linking.  (The second alternative with the library as a
       separate argument is only for POSIX compliance and is not recommended.)

       It makes a difference where in the command you write this option; the linker searches and processes
       libraries and object files in the order they are specified.  Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z
       after file foo.o but before bar.o.  If bar.o refers to functions in z, those functions may not be
       loaded.

       The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library, which is actually a file named
       liblibrary.a.  The linker then uses this file as if it had been specified precisely by name.

       The directories searched include several standard system directories plus any that you specify with
       -L.

       Normally the files found this way are library files---archive files whose members are object files.
       The linker handles an archive file by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have
       so far been referenced but not defined.  But if the file that is found is an ordinary object file, it
       is linked in the usual fashion.  The only difference between using an -l option and specifying a file
       name is that -l surrounds library with lib and .a and searches several directories.
于 2015-07-06T14:21:57.343 回答