32

如何在 Python 2.7 中为抽象类方法创建装饰器?

是的,这类似于这个问题,除了我想结合abc.abstractmethodand classmethod,而不是staticmethod. 此外,它看起来像是在 Python 3abc.abstractclassmethod中添加的(我认为?) ,但我使用的是 Google App Engine,所以我目前仅限于 Python 2.7

提前致谢。

4

4 回答 4

30

这是一个从 Python 3.3 的abc模块中的源代码派生的工作示例:

from abc import ABCMeta

class abstractclassmethod(classmethod):

    __isabstractmethod__ = True

    def __init__(self, callable):
        callable.__isabstractmethod__ = True
        super(abstractclassmethod, self).__init__(callable)

class DemoABC:

    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

    @abstractclassmethod
    def from_int(cls, n):
        return cls()

class DemoConcrete(DemoABC):

    @classmethod
    def from_int(cls, n):
        return cls(2*n)

    def __init__(self, n):
        print 'Initializing with', n

这是运行时的样子:

>>> d = DemoConcrete(5)             # Succeeds by calling a concrete __init__()
Initializing with 5

>>> d = DemoConcrete.from_int(5)    # Succeeds by calling a concrete from_int()
Initializing with 10

>>> DemoABC()                       # Fails because from_int() is abstract    
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class DemoABC with abstract methods from_int

>>> DemoABC.from_int(5)             # Fails because from_int() is not implemented
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class DemoABC with abstract methods from_int

请注意,最后一个示例失败,因为cls()不会实例化。 ABCMeta防止未定义所有必需抽象方法的类的过早实例化。

当调用 from_int()抽象类方法时触发失败的另一种方法是让它引发异常:

class DemoABC:

    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

    @abstractclassmethod
    def from_int(cls, n):
        raise NotImplementedError

设计ABCMeta不努力防止在未实例化的类上调用任何抽象方法,因此您可以通过调用cls()类方法通常执行的操作或通过引发NotImplementedError来触发失败。无论哪种方式,你都会得到一个很好的、干净的失败。

编写一个描述符来拦截对抽象类方法的直接调用可能很诱人,但这与ABCMeta的整体设计不一致(这完全是在实例化之前检查所需的方法,而不是在调用方法时) .

于 2012-06-27T02:12:24.883 回答
20

另一种可能的解决方法:

class A:
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def some_classmethod(cls):
        """IMPORTANT: this is class method, override it with @classmethod!"""
        pass

class B(A):
    @classmethod
    def some_classmethod(cls):
        print cls

现在,在实现“some_classmethod”之前,仍然无法从 A 实例化,如果您使用类方法实现它,它就可以工作。

于 2014-06-04T18:50:04.910 回答
9

您可以升级到Python 3

Python 3.3开始,可以组合 @classmethod@abstractmethod

import abc
class Foo(abc.ABC):
    @classmethod
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def my_abstract_classmethod(...):
        pass

感谢@gerrit 向我指出这一点。

于 2020-02-12T03:39:43.070 回答
2

我最近遇到了同样的问题。也就是说,我需要抽象类方法,但由于其他项目限制而无法使用 Python 3。我想出的解决方案如下。

abcExtend.py:

import abc

class instancemethodwrapper(object):
    def __init__(self, callable):
        self.callable = callable
        self.__dontcall__ = False

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        return getattr(self.callable, key)

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.__dontcall__:
            raise TypeError('Attempted to call abstract method.')
        return self.callable(*args,**kwargs)

class newclassmethod(classmethod):
    def __init__(self, func):
        super(newclassmethod, self).__init__(func)
        isabstractmethod = getattr(func,'__isabstractmethod__',False)
        if isabstractmethod:
            self.__isabstractmethod__ = isabstractmethod

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        result = instancemethodwrapper(super(newclassmethod, self).__get__(instance, owner))
        isabstractmethod = getattr(self,'__isabstractmethod__',False)
        if isabstractmethod:
            result.__isabstractmethod__ = isabstractmethod
            abstractmethods = getattr(owner,'__abstractmethods__',None)
            if abstractmethods and result.__name__ in abstractmethods:
                result.__dontcall__ = True
        return result

class abstractclassmethod(newclassmethod):
    def __init__(self, func):
        func = abc.abstractmethod(func)
        super(abstractclassmethod,self).__init__(func)

用法:

from abcExtend import abstractclassmethod

class A(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta    
    @abstractclassmethod
    def foo(cls):
        return 6

class B(A):
    pass

class C(B):
    @classmethod
    def foo(cls):
        return super(C,cls).foo() + 1

try:
    a = A()
except TypeError:
    print 'Instantiating A raises a TypeError.'

try:
    A.foo()
except TypeError:
    print 'Calling A.foo raises a TypeError.'

try:
    b = B()
except TypeError:
    print 'Instantiating B also raises a TypeError because foo was not overridden.'

try:
    B.foo()
except TypeError:
    print 'As does calling B.foo.'

#But C can be instantiated because C overrides foo
c = C()

#And C.foo can be called
print C.foo()

这里有一些 pyunit 测试,它们提供了更详尽的演示。

testAbcExtend.py:

import unittest
import abc
oldclassmethod = classmethod
from abcExtend import newclassmethod as classmethod, abstractclassmethod

class Test(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        pass

    def tearDown(self):
        pass

    def testClassmethod(self):
        class A(object):
            __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta            
            @classmethod
            @abc.abstractmethod
            def foo(cls):
                return 6

        class B(A):
            @classmethod
            def bar(cls):
                return 5

        class C(B):
            @classmethod
            def foo(cls):
                return super(C,cls).foo() + 1

        self.assertRaises(TypeError,A.foo)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,A)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,B)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,B.foo)
        self.assertEqual(B.bar(),5)
        self.assertEqual(C.bar(),5)
        self.assertEqual(C.foo(),7)

    def testAbstractclassmethod(self):
        class A(object):
            __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta    
            @abstractclassmethod
            def foo(cls):
                return 6

        class B(A):
            pass

        class C(B):
            @oldclassmethod
            def foo(cls):
                return super(C,cls).foo() + 1

        self.assertRaises(TypeError,A.foo)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,A)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,B)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,B.foo)
        self.assertEqual(C.foo(),7)
        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(c.foo(),7)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    #import sys;sys.argv = ['', 'Test.testName']
    unittest.main()

我还没有评估这个解决方案的性能成本,但到目前为止它已经达到了我的目的。

于 2012-11-30T06:17:29.903 回答