Java 方法实现是但不完全是. call by
[reference to, in case of objects,]
value
call by reference
您正在传递一个对象Value v
意味着一个内联的方法范围变量v
是指v
在 method 中创建的对象first()
。这意味着对由 引用的同一对象的任何修改v
也将反映在调用端。但是,在您的方法中,您正在为但指向方法范围变量second
创建一个新对象。这个新对象的内存位置与传入的方法参数不同。要识别差异,请检查使用它们的引用变量创建的对象。 Value
v
hashCode
因此更改v
in 方法的实例变量second
不会返回给方法的调用者,除非该方法返回更改的对象。你的方法在这里返回一个void
。
大多数时候,程序员对调用者和被调用方法中使用的相同引用名称感到困惑。
查看以下示例以了解差异。我已经包含了third' and a
第四种方法,以进一步解释它。
public class Test {
class Value {
int i = 15;
}
public void second( Value v ) {
System.out.println( " 2.1.1: entered: v.i = " + v.i ); // 25
System.out.println( " 2.1.2: v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
v = new Value();
v.i = 9;
System.out.println( " 2.2.1: new V: v.i = " + v.i ); // 9
System.out.println( " 2.2.2: v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
} // second(v)
public Value third( Value v ) {
System.out.println( " 3.1.1: entered: v.i = " + v.i ); // 25
System.out.println( " 3.1.2: v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
v = new Value();
v.i = 9;
System.out.println( " 3.2.1: created: v.i = " + v.i ); // 9
System.out.println( " 3.2.2: v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
return v;
} // third(v)
public Value fourth( final Value v ) {
System.out.println( " 4.1.1:entered: v.i = " + v.i ); // 9
System.out.println( " 4.1.2:v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
/**********************************
// The final local v can't be assigned. It must be blank and not using a compound assignment.
// meaning, you are not allowed to change its memory location,
// but can alter its content, if permitted
// v = new Value();
//**********************************/
v.i = 45;
System.out.println( " 4.2.1:changed: v.i = " + v.i ); // 45
System.out.println( " 4.2.2:v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
return v;
} // fourth(v)
public void first() {
System.out.println( "1.1.1: entered: ..." );
Value v = new Value();
System.out.println( "1.2.1: created; v.i = " + v.i ); // 15
v.i = 25;
System.out.println( "1.2.2: changed: v.i = " + v.i ); // 25
System.out.println();
System.out.println( "1.3.1: before calling second(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
second( v );
System.out.println( "1.3.2: returning from second(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
System.out.println();
System.out.println( "1.4.1: before calling third(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
v = third( v );
System.out.println( "1.4.2: returning from third(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
System.out.println();
System.out.println( "1.5.1: before calling fourth(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
v = fourth( v );
System.out.println( "1.5.2: returning from fourth(v) ..." );
System.out.println( " v.i = " + v.i + ", v.hashCode() = " + v.hashCode() + "; v = " + v.toString() );
} // first()
public static void main( String ... a ) {
Test _this = new Test();
_this.first();
} // psvm(...)
} // class Test
当您运行上面的示例时,您可能会看到如下输出:
1.1.1: entered: ...
1.2.1: created; v.i = 15
1.2.2: changed: v.i = 25
1.3.1: before calling second(v) ...
v.i = 25, v.hashCode() = 1671711; v = Test$Value@19821f
2.1.1: entered: v.i = 25
2.1.2: v.hashCode() = 1671711; v = Test$Value@19821f
2.2.1: new V: v.i = 9
2.2.2: v.hashCode() = 11394033; v = Test$Value@addbf1
1.3.2: returning from second(v) ...
v.i = 25, v.hashCode() = 1671711; v = Test$Value@19821f
1.4.1: before calling third(v) ...
v.i = 25, v.hashCode() = 1671711; v = Test$Value@19821f
3.1.1: entered: v.i = 25
3.1.2: v.hashCode() = 1671711; v = Test$Value@19821f
3.2.1: created: v.i = 9
3.2.2: v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
1.4.2: returning from third(v) ...
v.i = 9, v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
1.5.1: before calling fourth(v) ...
v.i = 9, v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
4.1.1:entered: v.i = 9
4.1.2:v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
4.2.1:changed: v.i = 45
4.2.2:v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
1.5.2: returning from fourth(v) ...
v.i = 45, v.hashCode() = 4384790; v = Test$Value@42e816
如果你真的想instanceVariableV
在被调用的方法中保存对对象所做的更改,比如说fifth()
,另一种可能性是声明v
为实例变量。
以下示例将解释差异。
public class Test {
Value instanceVariableV = null; // v
// rest of other variables and methods here
// ...
public void fifth() {
System.out.println( " 5.1.1:entered: instanceVariableV = " + instanceVariableV ); // null
// null, hence no hashCode(), and no toString() will work
// let us create an instance of Value
instanceVariableV = new Value();
System.out.println( " 5.2.1:created: instanceVariableV = " + instanceVariableV ); // Test$Value@9304b1
System.out.println( " 5.2.2: instanceVariableV.i = " + instanceVariableV.i ); // 15
System.out.println( " 5.2.3: hashCode = " + instanceVariableV.hashCode() ); // 9634993
instanceVariableV.i = 20;
System.out.println( " 5.3.1:changed: instanceVariableV.i = " + instanceVariableV.i ); // 20
System.out.println( " 5.3.2: hashCode = " + instanceVariableV.hashCode() ); // 9634993 // not changed
} // fifth()
public void first() {
// continuation of code
System.out.println( "1.6.1: before calling fifth() ..." );
System.out.println( " instanceVariableV = " + instanceVariableV );
fifth();
System.out.println( "1.6.2: returning from fifth() ..." );
System.out.println( " instanceVariableV = " + instanceVariableV );
if ( instanceVariableV != null ) {
// must be different from the one when created new
System.out.println( " .i = " + instanceVariableV.i );
// this won't differ
System.out.println( " .hashCode() = " + instanceVariableV.hashCode() );
}
} // first()
public static void main( String ... a ) {
// ...
System.out.println( "\r\nmain(...): vInstanceVariable = " + _this.instanceVariableV );
if ( _this.instanceVariableV != null ) {
// must be different from the one when created new
System.out.println( " .i = " + _this.instanceVariableV.i );
// this won't differ
System.out.println( " .hashCode() = " + _this.instanceVariableV.hashCode() );
}
} // psvm(...)
当您使用上述扩展示例运行时,您可能会看到如下输出:
1.6.1: before calling fifth() ...
instanceVariableV = null
5.1.1:entered: instanceVariableV = null
5.2.1:created: instanceVariableV = Test$Value@9304b1
5.2.2: instanceVariableV.i = 15
5.2.3: hashCode = 9634993
5.3.1:changed: instanceVariableV.i = 20
5.3.2: hashCode = 9634993
1.6.2: returning from fifth() ...
instanceVariableV = Test$Value@9304b1
.i = 20, .hashCode() = 9634993
main(...): vInstanceVariable = Test$Value@9304b1
.i = 20
.hashCode() = 9634993
希望这对您有所帮助。
其他参考:
- Java 是按引用传递还是按值传递?
- java是通过引用传递的吗?(关于 SO 的帖子)