在 Python 范围内,对尚未在该范围内声明的变量的任何赋值都会创建一个新的局部变量,除非该变量在函数的前面声明为使用关键字 引用全局范围的变量global
。
让我们看一下伪代码的修改版本,看看会发生什么:
# Here, we're creating a variable 'x', in the __main__ scope.
x = 'None!'
def func_A():
# The below declaration lets the function know that we
# mean the global 'x' when we refer to that variable, not
# any local one
global x
x = 'A'
return x
def func_B():
# Here, we are somewhat mislead. We're actually involving two different
# variables named 'x'. One is local to func_B, the other is global.
# By calling func_A(), we do two things: we're reassigning the value
# of the GLOBAL x as part of func_A, and then taking that same value
# since it's returned by func_A, and assigning it to a LOCAL variable
# named 'x'.
x = func_A() # look at this as: x_local = func_A()
# Here, we're assigning the value of 'B' to the LOCAL x.
x = 'B' # look at this as: x_local = 'B'
return x # look at this as: return x_local
实际上,您可以func_B
使用命名的变量重写所有内容,x_local
并且它的工作方式相同。
该顺序仅与您的函数执行更改全局 x 值的操作的顺序有关。因此,在我们的示例中,顺序无关紧要,因为func_B
调用func_A
. 在此示例中,顺序确实很重要:
def a():
global foo
foo = 'A'
def b():
global foo
foo = 'B'
b()
a()
print foo
# prints 'A' because a() was the last function to modify 'foo'.
请注意,global
仅需要修改全局对象。您仍然可以从函数内访问它们而无需声明global
. 因此,我们有:
x = 5
def access_only():
return x
# This returns whatever the global value of 'x' is
def modify():
global x
x = 'modified'
return x
# This function makes the global 'x' equal to 'modified', and then returns that value
def create_locally():
x = 'local!'
return x
# This function creates a new local variable named 'x', and sets it as 'local',
# and returns that. The global 'x' is untouched.
create_locally
请注意和access_only
--之间的区别,access_only
尽管没有调用global
,但它访问全局 x ,即使create_locally
不使用global
任何一个,它也会创建一个本地副本,因为它正在分配一个值。
这里的困惑是为什么你不应该使用全局变量。