我有一个脚本,它具有某些选项,可以在命令行上传递,也可以从环境变量传递。如果两者都存在,则 CLI 应该优先,如果两者都没有设置,则会发生错误。
我可以在解析后检查该选项是否已分配,但我更愿意让 argparse 完成繁重的工作,并在解析失败时负责显示使用语句。
我已经提出了几种替代方法(我将在下面发布作为答案,以便可以单独讨论),但它们对我来说非常笨拙,我认为我错过了一些东西。
是否有公认的“最佳”方式来做到这一点?
(当 CLI 选项和环境变量都未设置时,编辑以明确所需的行为)
您可以使用要获取的环境变量default=
将参数的.get()
of 设置为 a of 。os.environ
您还可以在.get()
调用中传递第二个参数,如果.get()
没有找到该名称的环境变量,这是默认值(在这种情况下默认.get()
返回None
)。
import argparse
import os
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='test')
parser.add_argument('--url', default=os.environ.get('URL'))
args = parser.parse_args()
if not args.url:
exit(parser.print_usage())
我经常使用这种模式,所以我打包了一个简单的动作类来处理它:
import argparse
import os
class EnvDefault(argparse.Action):
def __init__(self, envvar, required=True, default=None, **kwargs):
if not default and envvar:
if envvar in os.environ:
default = os.environ[envvar]
if required and default:
required = False
super(EnvDefault, self).__init__(default=default, required=required,
**kwargs)
def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
setattr(namespace, self.dest, values)
然后我可以从我的代码中调用它:
import argparse
from envdefault import EnvDefault
parser=argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument(
"-u", "--url", action=EnvDefault, envvar='URL',
help="Specify the URL to process (can also be specified using URL environment variable)")
args=parser.parse_args()
我通常必须为多个参数(身份验证和 API 密钥)执行此操作。这很简单直接。使用 **kwargs。
def environ_or_required(key):
return (
{'default': os.environ.get(key)} if os.environ.get(key)
else {'required': True}
)
parser.add_argument('--thing', **environ_or_required('THING'))
ConfigArgParse向 argparse 添加了对环境变量的支持,因此您可以执行以下操作:
p = configargparse.ArgParser()
p.add('-m', '--moo', help='Path of cow', env_var='MOO_PATH')
options = p.parse_args()
一种选择是检查是否设置了环境变量,并相应地修改对 add_argument 的调用,例如
import argparse
import os
parser=argparse.ArgumentParser()
if 'CVSWEB_URL' in os.environ:
cvsopt = { 'default': os.environ['CVSWEB_URL'] }
else:
cvsopt = { 'required': True }
parser.add_argument(
"-u", "--cvsurl", help="Specify url (overrides CVSWEB_URL environment variable)",
**cvsopt)
args=parser.parse_args()
这个话题很老了,但我有类似的问题,我想我会和你分享我的解决方案。不幸的是,@Russell Heilling 建议的自定义操作解决方案对我不起作用,原因如下:
store_true
)default
时候(这很容易修复)envvar
os.environ
action
or envvar
(应该始终是action.dest.upper()
)这是我的解决方案(在 Python 3 中):
class CustomArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
class _CustomHelpFormatter(argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter):
def _get_help_string(self, action):
help = super()._get_help_string(action)
if action.dest != 'help':
help += ' [env: {}]'.format(action.dest.upper())
return help
def __init__(self, *, formatter_class=_CustomHelpFormatter, **kwargs):
super().__init__(formatter_class=formatter_class, **kwargs)
def _add_action(self, action):
action.default = os.environ.get(action.dest.upper(), action.default)
return super()._add_action(action)
您可以使用OptionParser()
from optparse import OptionParser
def argument_parser(self, parser):
parser.add_option('--foo', dest="foo", help="foo", default=os.environ.get('foo', None))
parser.add_option('--bar', dest="bar", help="bar", default=os.environ.get('bar', None))
return(parser.parse_args())
parser = OptionParser()
(options, args) = argument_parser(parser)
foo = options.foo
bar = options.bar
print("foo: {}".format(foo))
print("bar: {}".format(bar))
壳:
export foo=1
export bar=2
python3 script.py
以为我会发布我的解决方案,因为原始问题/答案给了我很多帮助。
我的问题与罗素的问题有点不同。我使用的是 OptionParser,而不是每个参数的环境变量,我只有一个模拟命令行的环境变量。
IE
MY_ENVIRONMENT_ARGS = --arg1 "马耳他语" --arg2 "猎鹰" -r "1930" -h
解决方案:
def set_defaults_from_environment(oparser):
if 'MY_ENVIRONMENT_ARGS' in os.environ:
environmental_args = os.environ[ 'MY_ENVIRONMENT_ARGS' ].split()
opts, _ = oparser.parse_args( environmental_args )
oparser.defaults = opts.__dict__
oparser = optparse.OptionParser()
oparser.add_option('-a', '--arg1', action='store', default="Consider")
oparser.add_option('-b', '--arg2', action='store', default="Phlebas")
oparser.add_option('-r', '--release', action='store', default='1987')
oparser.add_option('-h', '--hardback', action='store_true', default=False)
set_defaults_from_environment(oparser)
options, _ = oparser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:])
在这里,如果找不到参数,我不会抛出错误。但如果我愿意,我可以做类似的事情
for key in options.__dict__:
if options.__dict__[key] is None:
# raise error/log problem/print to console/etc
有一个示例用例用于ChainMap
将默认值、环境变量和命令行参数合并在一起。
import os, argparse
defaults = {'color': 'red', 'user': 'guest'}
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('-u', '--user')
parser.add_argument('-c', '--color')
namespace = parser.parse_args()
command_line_args = {k:v for k, v in vars(namespace).items() if v}
combined = ChainMap(command_line_args, os.environ, defaults)
来自关于美丽和惯用的python的精彩演讲。
但是,我不确定如何区分小写和大写字典键。在两者-u foobar
都作为参数传递并且环境设置为的情况下USER=bazbaz
,combined
字典将如下所示{'user': 'foobar', 'USER': 'bazbaz'}
。
另外的选择:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
env = os.environ
def add_argument(key, *args, **kwargs):
if key in env:
kwargs['default'] = env[key]
parser.add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
add_argument('--type', type=str)
或者这个,os.getenv
用于设置默认值:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--type', type=int, default=os.getenv('type',100))
Click库明确地处理这个:
import click
@click.command()
@click.argument('src', envvar='SRC', type=click.File('r'))
def echo(src):
"""Print value of SRC environment variable."""
click.echo(src.read())
并从命令行:
$ export SRC=hello.txt
$ echo
Hello World!
https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/master/arguments/#environment-variables
你可以安装它
pip install click
这是一个相对简单(看起来更长,因为它的注释很好)但完整的解决方案,default
通过使用parse_args
. 默认情况下,它解析环境变量与命令行参数没有什么不同,尽管可以轻松更改。
import shlex
# Notes:
# * Based on https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/
# 15bde92e47e824369ee71e30b07f1624396f5cdc/
# Lib/argparse.py
# * Haven't looked into handling "required" for mutually exclusive groups
# * Probably should make new attributes private even though it's ugly.
class EnvArgParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
# env_k: The keyword to "add_argument" as well as the attribute stored
# on matching actions.
# env_f: The keyword to "add_argument". Defaults to "env_var_parse" if
# not provided.
# env_i: Basic container type to identify unfilled arguments.
env_k = "env_var"
env_f = "env_var_parse"
env_i = type("env_i", (object,), {})
def add_argument(self, *args, **kwargs):
map_f = (lambda m,k,f=None,d=False:
(k, k in m, m.pop(k,f) if d else m.get(k,f)))
env_k = map_f(kwargs, self.env_k, d=True, f="")
env_f = map_f(kwargs, self.env_f, d=True, f=self.env_var_parse)
if env_k[1] and not isinstance(env_k[2], str):
raise ValueError(f"Parameter '{env_k[0]}' must be a string.")
if env_f[1] and not env_k[1]:
raise ValueError(f"Parameter '{env_f[0]}' requires '{env_k[0]}'.")
if env_f[1] and not callable(env_f[2]):
raise ValueError(f"Parameter '{env_f[0]}' must be callable.")
action = super().add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
if env_k[1] and not action.option_strings:
raise ValueError(f"Positional parameters may not specify '{env_k[0]}'.")
# We can get the environment now:
# * We need to know now if the keys exist anyway
# * os.environ is static
env_v = map_f(os.environ, env_k[2], f="")
# Examples:
# env_k:
# ("env_var", True, "FOO_KEY")
# env_v:
# ("FOO_KEY", False, "")
# ("FOO_KEY", True, "FOO_VALUE")
#
# env_k:
# ("env_var", False, "")
# env_v:
# ("" , False, "")
# ("", True, "RIDICULOUS_VALUE")
# Add the identifier to all valid environment variable actions for
# later access by i.e. the help formatter.
if env_k[1]:
if env_v[1] and action.required:
action.required = False
i = self.env_i()
i.a = action
i.k = env_k[2]
i.f = env_f[2]
i.v = env_v[2]
i.p = env_v[1]
setattr(action, env_k[0], i)
return action
# Overriding "_parse_known_args" is better than "parse_known_args":
# * The namespace will already have been created.
# * This method runs in an exception handler.
def _parse_known_args(self, arg_strings, namespace):
"""precedence: cmd args > env var > preexisting namespace > defaults"""
for action in self._actions:
if action.dest is argparse.SUPPRESS:
continue
try:
i = getattr(action, self.env_k)
except AttributeError:
continue
if not i.p:
continue
setattr(namespace, action.dest, i)
namespace, arg_extras = super()._parse_known_args(arg_strings, namespace)
for k,v in vars(namespace).copy().items():
# Setting "env_i" on the action is more effective than using an
# empty unique object() and mapping namespace attributes back to
# actions.
if isinstance(v, self.env_i):
fv = v.f(v.a, v.k, v.v, arg_extras)
if fv is argparse.SUPPRESS:
delattr(namespace, k)
else:
# "_parse_known_args::take_action" checks for action
# conflicts. For simplicity we don't.
v.a(self, namespace, fv, v.k)
return (namespace, arg_extras)
def env_var_parse(self, a, k, v, e):
# Use shlex, yaml, whatever.
v = shlex.split(v)
# From "_parse_known_args::consume_optional".
n = self._match_argument(a, "A"*len(v))
# From the main loop of "_parse_known_args". Treat additional
# environment variable arguments just like additional command-line
# arguments (which will eventually raise an exception).
e.extend(v[n:])
return self._get_values(a, v[:n])
# Derived from "ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter".
class EnvArgHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
"""Help message formatter which adds environment variable keys to
argument help.
"""
env_k = EnvArgParser.env_k
# This is supposed to return a %-style format string for "_expand_help".
# Since %-style strings don't support attribute access we instead expand
# "env_k" ourselves.
def _get_help_string(self, a):
h = super()._get_help_string(a)
try:
i = getattr(a, self.env_k)
except AttributeError:
return h
s = f" ({self.env_k}: {i.k})"
if s not in h:
h += s
return h
# An example mix-in.
class DefEnvArgHelpFormatter\
( EnvArgHelpFormatter
, argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
):
pass
示例程序:
parser = EnvArgParser\
( prog="Test Program"
, formatter_class=DefEnvArgHelpFormatter
)
parser.add_argument\
( '--bar'
, required=True
, env_var="BAR"
, type=int
, nargs="+"
, default=22
, help="Help message for bar."
)
parser.add_argument\
( 'baz'
, type=int
)
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args)
示例程序输出:
$ BAR="1 2 3 '45 ' 6 7" ./envargparse.py 123
Namespace(bar=[1, 2, 3, 45, 6, 7], baz=123)
$ ./envargparse.py -h
usage: Test Program [-h] --bar BAR [BAR ...] baz
positional arguments:
baz
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--bar BAR [BAR ...] Help message for bar. (default: 22) (env_var: BAR)