我有一个用 Python 编写的非常简单的网络服务器。它在端口 13000 上侦听，如果在浏览器中打开，我怎样才能让它提供一个简单的“Hello World”网页http://localhost:13000？
那里有我的代码：
# set up socket and connection
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
# WHAT GOES HERE?
sock.close()
如您所见，我不确定如何实际发回网页？
我只需要使用socket图书馆。
编辑：问题不在于我不知道如何制定 HTTP 响应，我不知道如何真正让它显示在我的浏览器中！它只是保持旋转/加载。
根据问题变化更新
可能，它一直在旋转，因为在缺少Content-Length和Connectionheaders 的情况下，浏览器可能会认为它是Connection: keep-alive，因此它会永远继续从您的服务器接收数据。尝试发送Connection: close，并传递实际Content-Length以查看是否有帮助。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf8
import socket
MAX_PACKET = 32768
def recv_all(sock):
r'''Receive everything from `sock`, until timeout occurs, meaning sender
is exhausted, return result as string.'''
# dirty hack to simplify this stuff - you should really use zero timeout,
# deal with async socket and implement finite automata to handle incoming data
prev_timeout = sock.gettimeout()
try:
sock.settimeout(0.01)
rdata = []
while True:
try:
rdata.append(sock.recv(MAX_PACKET))
except socket.timeout:
return ''.join(rdata)
# unreachable
finally:
sock.settimeout(prev_timeout)
def normalize_line_endings(s):
r'''Convert string containing various line endings like \n, \r or \r\n,
to uniform \n.'''
return ''.join((line + '\n') for line in s.splitlines())
def run():
r'''Main loop'''
# Create TCP socket listening on 10000 port for all connections,
# with connection queue of length 1
server_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, \
socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13000))
server_sock.listen(1)
while True:
# accept connection
client_sock, client_addr = server_sock.accept()
# headers and body are divided with \n\n (or \r\n\r\n - that's why we
# normalize endings). In real application usage, you should handle
# all variations of line endings not to screw request body
request = normalize_line_endings(recv_all(client_sock)) # hack again
request_head, request_body = request.split('\n\n', 1)
# first line is request headline, and others are headers
request_head = request_head.splitlines()
request_headline = request_head[0]
# headers have their name up to first ': '. In real world uses, they
# could duplicate, and dict drops duplicates by default, so
# be aware of this.
request_headers = dict(x.split(': ', 1) for x in request_head[1:])
# headline has form of "POST /can/i/haz/requests HTTP/1.0"
request_method, request_uri, request_proto = request_headline.split(' ', 3)
response_body = [
'<html><body><h1>Hello, world!</h1>',
'<p>This page is in location %(request_uri)r, was requested ' % locals(),
'using %(request_method)r, and with %(request_proto)r.</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Request body is %(request_body)r</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Actual set of headers received:</p>',
'<ul>',
]
for request_header_name, request_header_value in request_headers.iteritems():
response_body.append('<li><b>%r</b> == %r</li>' % (request_header_name, \
request_header_value))
response_body.append('</ul></body></html>')
response_body_raw = ''.join(response_body)
# Clearly state that connection will be closed after this response,
# and specify length of response body
response_headers = {
'Content-Type': 'text/html; encoding=utf8',
'Content-Length': len(response_body_raw),
'Connection': 'close',
}
response_headers_raw = ''.join('%s: %s\n' % (k, v) for k, v in \
response_headers.iteritems())
# Reply as HTTP/1.1 server, saying "HTTP OK" (code 200).
response_proto = 'HTTP/1.1'
response_status = '200'
response_status_text = 'OK' # this can be random
# sending all this stuff
client_sock.send('%s %s %s' % (response_proto, response_status, \
response_status_text))
client_sock.send(response_headers_raw)
client_sock.send('\n') # to separate headers from body
client_sock.send(response_body_raw)
# and closing connection, as we stated before
client_sock.close()
run()
更详细的说明请参见HTTP 协议说明。
# set up socket and connection
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
sock.send("""HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>Hello World</body></html>
""");
sock.close()
发回类似的东西：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:29:04 GMT
Server: Python/6.6.6 (custom)
Content-Type: text/html
然后是实际的html代码。确保在 Content-Type 行之后和 html 之前有一个换行符。
或者，如果您只是不想记住完整的协议，您可以使用以下命令再次找到它：
% nc stackoverflow.com 80
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: stackoverflow.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: public, max-age=60
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Expires: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:33:49 GMT
Last-Modified: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:32:49 GMT
Vary: *
Date: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:32:49 GMT
Content-Length: 206008
[...]
%
好吧，您通常会更喜欢一个比 stackoverflow 更简洁的网站（通常只提供静态文件）；）
最低要求（您会在答案中找到）是：
sock.send(r'''HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain
Hello, world!
''')
服务器必须两次返回才能获得答案，否则浏览器会无限期地等待标头
但是要模仿网络服务器的行为，不要忘记只有在浏览器向您发送一些数据后跟两个回车后才发送您的答案，通常您可以使用以下方式获取它发送的内容：
% nc -kl localhost 13000
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:13000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0...
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
DNT: 1
Connection: keep-alive
%
所以你可以改进你的测试程序
我接受了先前的答案并编辑了 Python3 utf-8 和字节编码的代码。感谢您的原始答案，它帮助了很多。
import socket
MAX_PACKET = 32768
def recv_all(sock):
r'''Receive everything from `sock`, until timeout occurs, meaning sender
is exhausted, return result as string.'''
# dirty hack to simplify this stuff - you should really use zero timeout,
# deal with async socket and implement finite automata to handle incoming data
prev_timeout = sock.gettimeout()
try:
sock.settimeout(0.1)
rdata = []
while True:
try:
# Gotta watch for the bytes and utf-8 encoding in Py3
rdata.append(sock.recv(MAX_PACKET).decode('utf-8'))
except socket.timeout:
return ''.join(rdata)
# unreachable
finally:
sock.settimeout(prev_timeout)
def normalize_line_endings(s):
r'''Convert string containing various line endings like \n, \r or \r\n,
to uniform \n.'''
test = s.splitlines()
return ''.join((line + '\n') for line in s.splitlines())
def run():
r'''Main loop'''
# Create TCP socket listening on 10000 port for all connections,
# with connection queue of length 1
server_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_STREAM,
socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
#Added the port 13001 for debuging purposes
try:
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13000))
print('PORT 13000')
except:
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13001))
print('PORT 13001')
# except:
# server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13002))
# print('PORT 13002')
server_sock.listen(1)
while True:
# accept connection
try:
client_sock, client_addr = server_sock.accept()
# headers and body are divided with \n\n (or \r\n\r\n - that's why we
# normalize endings). In real application usage, you should handle
# all variations of line endings not to screw request body
request = normalize_line_endings(recv_all(client_sock)) # hack again
request_head, request_body = request.split('\n\n', 1)
# first line is request headline, and others are headers
request_head = request_head.splitlines()
request_headline = request_head[0]
# headers have their name up to first ': '. In real world uses, they
# could duplicate, and dict drops duplicates by default, so
# be aware of this.
request_headers = dict(x.split(': ', 1) for x in request_head[1:])
# headline has form of "POST /can/i/haz/requests HTTP/1.0"
request_method, request_uri, request_proto = request_headline.split(' ', 3)
response_body = [
'<html><body><h1 style="color:red">Hello, world!</h1>',
'<p>This page is in location %(request_uri)r, was requested ' % locals(),
'using %(request_method)r, and with %(request_proto)r.</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Request body is %(request_body)r</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Actual set of headers received:</p>',
'<ul>',
]
for request_header_name, request_header_value in request_headers.items():
response_body.append('<li><b>%r</b> == %r</li>' % (request_header_name,
request_header_value))
response_body.append('</ul></body></html>')
response_body_raw = ''.join(response_body)
# Clearly state that connection will be closed after this response,
# and specify length of response body
response_headers = {
'Content-Type': 'text/html; encoding=utf8',
'Content-Length': len(response_body_raw),
'Connection': 'close',
}
response_headers_raw = ''.join('%s: %s\n' % (k, v) for k, v in \
response_headers.items())
# Reply as HTTP/1.1 server, saying "HTTP OK" (code 200).
response_proto = 'HTTP/1.1'.encode()
response_status = '200'.encode()
response_status_text = 'OK'.encode() # this can be random
# sending all this stuff
client_sock.send(b'%s %s %s' % (response_proto, response_status,
response_status_text))
client_sock.send(response_headers_raw.encode())
client_sock.send(b'\n') # to separate headers from body
client_sock.send(response_body_raw.encode())
# and closing connection, as we stated before
finally:
client_sock.close()
run()
您可能想要检查 Web 对象http://www.webob.org/
这是一个用于创建 http 兼容请求和响应的简单轻量级项目。你可以对你的请求/响应对象做任何事情......或者只是将繁重的工作委托给 WebObjects
样本
>>> from webob import Response
>>> res = Response()
>>> res.status
'200 OK'
>>> res.headerlist
[('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'), ('Content-Length', '0')]
>>> res.body
''
更新到其中一种解决方案，因为最新版本要求以字节格式发送数据
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
sock.sendall(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n"
+b"Content-Type: text/html\n"
+b"\n" # Important!
+b"<html><body>Hello World</body></html>\n");
sock.shutdown(soket.SHUT_WR)
sock.close()
我本可以编辑上面的帖子，但队列已满 :(。
也可以使用encode()方法转换为字节 fromat。